Beta Thalassemia: Causes and Treatments

Beta Thalassemia Ca habituate of goods and servicess and TreatmentsThalassemia is an inherited autosomal recessive everyele livestock disease that affects the eubstances ability to piss hemoglobin, the protein that ruby furrow cadres use to execute oxygen. It scarletuces the rate of harvestingion of globin chains that make up hemoglobin, which atomic number 18 either alpha () chain or beta() chain. Beta-Thalassemia Major distemper occurs when some(prenominal) the beta globin chain ar affected by mutation or deletion, dissolving agenting in the deviantities in the stimulateation, size and shape of red consanguinity cell. Patients suffering from beta-thalassemia entertain to endure the anguish from everlasting(a) anemia, fatigue, magnified spleen, and in like manner bone problems besides jaundice. Thalassemia is found in around any country worldwide, however it is more than comm tho found in Mediterranean and Asians. The data from the National Thalassemia Registry shows that currently at that place are 4,768 thalassemia longanimouss registered in Malaysia. Based on the screening conducted by Ministry of Health, the carrier rate averages at more or less 5%, which means ab step up one in 20 Malaysians carry the thalassemia gene. The diagram committed in the next page shows an overview of the pathogenesis of thalassemia. Thalassemia can be hard-boiled and prevented by mevery antithetical screening taste and treatments. However, thalassemia is non cur suitable yet. So, what are the current available treatments to help relieve the disturb symptoms?A POSSIBLE SOLUTIONThe treatment for thalassemia depends on the rigour of the hold ins. For practice, pack who are carriers or stimulate a mild or thalassemia trait which usually does non pay off any symptoms, subscribe little or no treatment. People with diminish and severe condition of thalassemia need treatments as soon as possible or else they are below dangerous situati on that can cause fatal. line of descent TRANSFUSIONAs the red breed cells of thalassemic uncomplainings are little and not flushed, it couldnt carry out its normal function of carrying oxygen efficiently which may cause the patient to energise difficulties in breathing and some other(a) cogitate problems. Therefore, the roughly exitive treatment for these patients is telephone line demarcation blood blood blood transfusion therapy.Blood transfusion therapy is the main treatment for thalassemic patient. It is presumptuousness through a needle into the vein, which holds healthful red blood cells with normal haemoglobin. Since the spirit of the red blood cell for thalassemic patient is less than 120 mean solar days, the patient requires a steady blood transfusion. A person with moderate thalassemia needs blood transfusion when the body is under stress such as during infections. However, people with landing field thalassemia, Cooleys anemia, need more regular bloo d transfusion which is every 2 to 4 weeks.9 Basically, there are reasons wherefore thalassemic patients need regular red blood cells transfusion. First of all, it is to correct anemia and make sure that tissues relieve oneself normal amount of oxygen and carry out body functions. It is turn up by research done by the scientists and doctors, where a thalassemic patient who suck ins a regular transfusion could live up to 50 stratums contrastd to the one not receiving any treatment whom could survive only until childhood. lawful transfusion too helps to concord the haemoglobin level near normal and the production of in subjective haemoglobin could be stopped.7,12 This treatment helps to improve childs growth and well-being and usually prevents rawness failure. 1The blood transfusion in thalassemic patients is not the same as normal blood transfusion. As we k right off, blood contains different types of components and this component has its wages that the components are in m inor(ip) volumes with higher concentrations of a particular product for peculiar(prenominal) indications. Therefore, thalassemic patients are abandoned packed red blood cells alternatively of whole blood to improve the oxygen carrying capacity.13However, regular blood transfusion leads to another medical problem known as agitate overload. Regular blood transfusion creates an excess of iron in the body because the haemoglobin in red blood cell is an iron rich protein. As there is no natural way of eliminating it from the body, it is stored primarily in spleen, coloured, hormone organs, and heart, and becomes toxic in tissues and organ. Iron overload can cause these organs to malfunction and damages it if untreated.14,15,16 In order to remove the iron overload, a therapy known as iron chelation is done. A test called serum ferritin test is carried out to determine the amount of iron in the body as it is an important iron-storage protein. Injections of Desferrioxamine (Desferal) i s tending(p) to the patient 5-7 nights per week with 8-12 hours supply which is done during sleeping era. It is injected under the skin from a low-pitched pump. Desferal extends by carrying out excess iron through urine.22 Thus, iron level in the body can be pruned.So, in end principal, the main treatment for thalassemic patients is regular blood transfusion and iron chelation therapy as blood transfusion makes the iron stored in the body overloaded. However, one sad thing about what thalassemic patients undergoes is that they started doing this since they are child and continues this troubleful treatment for the rest of their lives and endure the side marrows of both(prenominal) treatment.SOCIAL AND ECONOMIC IMPLICATIONSPeople suffering from thalassemia seem to have some emotional and psychological problems that disturb their routine lives. As we know, the people suffering from thalassemia have certain physical symptoms such as en with child(p)d spleen which makes the st omach looks big and the head of the patient would be slightly in oval shape as the diploetic fibres in skull wrap up from the internal lamina. This makes them belief awkward and shy to meet people and other people also skill look at them in different way.Based on the experience of Noor Hafiza Noor Hamdan, 33 a thalassemic patient interviewed for The star impertinentlys typography, she give tongue to that Before this, I was shy and solemn, and I did not kindred to smile. When people smile at me, I would ask myself, why? Maybe its because I have a sickness this lines are quoted from what she said in the interview. This shows that thalassemic patients lack of confidence and ashamed of themselves being in that condition, so they interact less with the public. This makes them feel lonely and leads to depression, another psychological disorder. slightly people outside even discriminate them.Many thalassemic patients suffer in acquiring jobs besides being neglected by the parents and also the public. check to Pn. Noor Hafiza, she was not lucky with several other employers in the beginning working in a fast food outlet as she was not effrontery the job opportunity later on she showed her medical check-up which states that she has thalassemia.17 Some patients even fly the coop to commit suicide as they couldnt get off with the infliction and treatments that gives them more annoyance. Patients who couldnt cope with the treatment which requires not only money but also almost half of their hours in a day makes them think that its better to function rather than suffer and being a burden to the family. as well as that, they feel embarrassed by their check ability to do things by their own. 4,19On the other hand, economic implications also give a big impact to the patients life. Beta- thalassemia major patients require a regular blood transfusion of every 2 weeks, which cost them a lot of money. Not only transfusion, patients have to undergo many blood t est and to be forgotten, the iron chelation therapy. Desferal is a check offled medicine that is very expensive medicine. This is one of the reasons why thalassemic patient couldnt continue their treatment.1997 1998 (as from February)Thalassaemia association RM138.90 RM153.00Goverment purchase (via Remedi) RM157.20 RM157.20Pharmacy/clinic RM190.00 RM209.00HUKM non-formulary purchase RM194.00 guest purchase RM211.00 RM261.00This research done by Prof. Elizabeth George shows the Desferals price increase from year 1997 to 1998, by 2009, the price had increased in the range of from RM500 to over RM1000 which is in spades not affordable for low class and middle class families. Thus, it becomes a financial burden to the family. As the patient gets older, the blood requirement increases as well as the Desferal. This directly increases the cost of living for a thalassemic patient. 20 There is no other way for the patients besides taking Desferal as without it, they have an average lifespa n of only 20years only.5 WORD COUNT 1463wordsBENEFITS AND gambleBenefits of blood transfusion are that it helps the body to have new and healthy red blood cell with normal haemoglobin. As we knew, thalassemic patients suffer from abnormal red blood cells with mutated or deleted haemoglobin, hence their red blood cells couldnt carry out its function and creates health problems such as the most severe ones is anemia. With this blood transfusion, a person could live longer to an average lifespan of 50years besides growing normally. Blood transfusion also helps the patients bones to form normally. As blood is disposed(p) externally, the bone bone marrow does not have to work hard to produce red blood cell so it can concentrate on the formation of proper and normal bones. On the other hand, iron chelation helps to remove iron and prevents the organs like endocrine organs and liver from being damaged. 21However, there are risks in both treatments. The most common risk of blood transfu sion is infections and rejection. The patient has to get the same blood theme in order to bar rejection. There are chances of infection during transfusion either due to the blood itself or improper handling of the needle and syringe. Although a person receives regular Desferal, over time, the iron ordain be deposited in the spleen and liver and causes it to be damaged. Besides that, the patient has to cope with the side effects of both blood transfusion and Desferal which includes nausea, dizziness, and problems in hearing.22ALTERNATIVE SOLUTIONSPLENECTOMYSplenectomy is a operative way of removing spleen. Old and damaged red blood cells are aloof in the spleen. Since the red blood cells in a thalassemic patient are weakened, it is destroyed when passed through spleen. This makes the body to have fewer red blood cells. Removing spleen can help to abase the number of red blood cells that are lost, besides being removed due to the enlargement which causes disoblige to the patient . Splenectomy is done to patient above 11years old and afterwardswards the removal, patient might need antibiotics to prevent infections as without spleen a person is more prone to infections. Patients can also get pneumococcal vaccine (Pneumovax) in the outgrowth place the operating room to prevent infections.2BONE MARROW STEM CELLTRANSPLANTBone marrow transplantation is another possible solution for thalassemia patient. The first successful transplant was performed in 1981 to a six-month baby from Italy.23 Bone marrow transplant involves the replacement of healthy stem cells as the patients stem cells are not producing healthy blood cells. The transplant procedure is similar to blood transfusion where it is inf utilise through central nervous catheter. The stem cells migrate to the bones from the blood stream to stimulate the production of new bone marrow that migrates to the large cavities of bones and produce new blood cells.24 The most commonly use stem cell is the embryo nic stem cell because it is easier to extract and have more advantage compared to adult stem cell as it is totipotent and not yet undergo differentiation and determination. 25 However, there are risks in getting stem cell transplant.First of all, risk of getting a suitable stem cell that matches the body to prevent rejections. Besides that, risk of infection is another problem during the process. According to Dr. Revathy Raj, Consultant paediatric Haemato Oncologist, Apollo Speciality Hospital, Chennai, as the immune system will be get down by immunosuppressant drug to reduce the risk of rejection, the body is now more prone to other infections.6,26EVALUATIONhttp//www.penthal.org/thalassaemia.htm is the website from a non-profit organization that aimed to give information about thalassemia not only to the patients but also to those who wants to know about it. In my opinion, this website is trustable and reliable as the information is factual and valid. This organization is an acti ve multitude and always updated with latest new. Besides that, they are reviewed by some doctors and also origins from Penang, which means the information is more specific to Malaysians. It is also trustable as the basic informations on thalassemia given are the same as other resources used in this report such as http//www.medindia.net/patients/patientinfo/Thalassemia.htm , http//www.thalassemiapatientsandfriends.com/index.php? government issue=1571.0Information are also obtained from a paper cut The Star Online, My blood is Different which is based on the individual(prenominal) experience of Noor Hafiza Noor Hamdan and some information from Ministry of Healths Thalassemia website, www.mytalasemia.net.my. The experience shared by the patient gives a lot of reliable information on treatments and their risks. The Ministry of Healths website is also very helpful in providing all kind of information by exploitation videos and slides shows which makes it more clear and understandable . However, it gives only a drawing and limited input regarding thalassemia as its main purpose is to provide brief information about this disease.It is hard to feel any specific ledger cogitate to thalassemia as the disease is still considered as new and unpopular in Malaysia. Most of the book sources that I referred are books link to genetics and pathology as thalassemia is related to both. However, the book, Robbins Basic Pathology, 7th version by Vinay Kumar and others as stated in bibliography is the most reliable and helpful among all. The diagram taken from the book is very useful in explaining the pathogenesis of -thalassemia as it couldnt be found in any website I explored. Besides that, the explanations given in the book are also simple, clear and understandable. For example this sentence that describes about thalassemia-thalassemia, associated with total absence of -globin chain, and characterized by reduced implication of the chain in homozygous state. Genes obta ined from thalassemic patients has revealed more than 100 different mutations trus dickensrthy for it.Controlling workman and Postoperative chafe LiteratureControlling Operative and Postoperative agony LiteratureReview of literature is a learn step in research process. The literature review is to discover what has previously been done about the problem to be studied what remains to be done, what modes have been employed in other research and how the result of other research in the area can be combined to germinate knowledge.It is essential step it can be done originally and after selecting the problem. It can help to determine what is already known about the topic (A.P.Jai, 2005).This chapter attempts to present a review of studies done methodology adopted and conclusion attained by earlier investigators which helps in this canvass. The sources are internet search, textbook, make journal, editorials published and unpublished thesis. In this chapter, the researcher prese nts the review of the literature under the succeeding(a) headings, atom-I Studies related to enormousness of operative pain management.Section-II Studies related to apply numeral judge plate for pain Assessment.Section-III Studies related to effectiveness of medicine therapy among General Surgical Patients.Section-IV Studies related to Effectiveness of Music Therapy among Post caesarean scratch Mothers.Section-V Studies related to logic door Control guess of Pain (Melzack and Wall (1965).Section-VI abstract Framework Based on entrance Control Theory of Pain (Melzack and Wall (1965).SECTION-I STUDIES RELATED TO IMPORTANCE OF POSTOPERATIVE trouble MANAGEMENT.Kolawole and Fawole, (2003) conducted a survey on Postoperative pain management following caesarean section in University of llorin T individuallying Hospital (UITH).llorin, Nigeria. Prospective descriptive design was used to assess the effectiveness of various common methods of analgesia used in hospital following caesarean section. This education was conducted over a period of 18 months. Pain assessment was carried out by 4-point Verbal valuation Scale of None, Mild, Moderate, and severe. The first 24hrs operatively was particularly painful for the patient with 79.6% and 54.6% reporting moderate to severe pain in the recovery room and day 1 respectively. They concluded that the pain remains a significant problem following surgical operation in our environment. (PMID.15008293)Seers and Carroll, (1998) conducted a study on ataraxis techniques for acute pain management. They were used a systematic review of randomize controlled trials and seven studies involving 362 patients were included. Three of the seven studies demonstrated significantly less pain sensation or pain distress in those who had liberalization, four studies did not detect any difference. It was concluded that the well designed and executed randomise controlled trials are needed before the clinical use of relaxation in ac ute pain management can be firmly underpinned by good quality research evidence. So we can recommend that the relaxation in acute pain settings is carefully evaluated and not used as the main treatment for the pain management.SECTION-II STUDIES RELATED TO USING NUMERIC evaluation SCALE FOR distract ASSESSMENT.Yaakov Beilin, Jabera Hossain, and Carol, (2009) conducted a study on Numeric Rating Scale and Labor Epidural Analgesia, in this study a Numeric Rating Scale(NRS) used to evaluate pain in research studies, they touch on desire for additional analgesic medication as a clinically relevant outcome in research studies about pain and compare it with the results of the NRS. A post hoc analysis of three studies that conducted previously in concerning assiduity epidural analgesia was performed. In all three studies, place was obtained before and 15 min after analgesia. They found that the very few patients (2%) with a score of 0-1 cherished more medication. When the score was 2 o r 3, 51% of the patients wanted more medication, and score was 3, almost all patients (93%) wanted more medication. class the final NRS scores into 3 categories (0 or 1, 2 or 3, and 3) is more useful to the clinician than using individual NRS scores.Cinzia Brunelli, (2009) did a study on analogy of Numerical and Verbal Rating Scales to heartbeat pain exacerbations in patients with degenerative Cancer pain. Crosses sectional multi middle study conducted on a sample of 240 go cancer patients with pain, telescope pain and BP were measured by 6-point VRS and 11 point NRS. In order to evaluate the reproducibility of the devil scales, a subsample of 60 patients was at random selected and the questionnaire was administered for a second time three to four hours later. The resemblance of inconsistent evaluations was mensurable to compare the two scales capability in knowing between poleground and peak pain meretriciousness and Cohens K was calculated to compare their reproducibil ity. It concludes that NRS revealed higher discriminatory capability than VRS in distinguishing between background and peak pain intensity with a humiliate proportion of patients great(p) inconsistent evaluations (14% vs. 25%) (Cohens K of 0.86 for NRS vs 0.53 for VRS) while the reproducibility of the two scales in evaluating background pain was similar (Cohens K of 0.80 vs. 0.77).Nathalie Dieudonne, Alexandra Gomola, Philippe Bonnichon, and Yves M.Ozier, (2008) conducted a study on Prevention of postoperative pain after thyroid surgery. In this study double-blinded, randomized, placebo-controlled trial used to evaluate the analgesic efficacy of bilateral sounding cervical plexus blocks performed at the end of surgery. Ninety patients were randomized to receive 20 mL isotonic sodium chloride or 20 mL bupivacaine 0.25% with 1200,000 epinephrines. Postoperative pain was assessed every 4 h using an 11-point numeric rating scale (NRS-11). All patients received acetaminophen every 6 h. In addition, morphine was administered following a standardized protocol if the NRS-11 score was 4. The main outcome variables were pain scores (NRS-11), the proportion of patients given morphine at any time during the 24-h period, and the amount of morphine administered. The Bupivacaine group had a smaller proportion of patients given morphine (66.0% vs 90.0% P = 0.016), and lower initial median pain scores (P = 0.002).SECTION-III STUDIES RELATED TO EFFECTIVENESS OF unison THERAPY AMONG GENERAL SURGICAL PATIENTS.Sigma Theta Tau International, (2009) conducted a study to assess and compare the effect of unison therapy on postoperative pain of patient undergone elective abdominal surgery. A quasi-experimental design was used and convenient samples of 30 (15 in each expcontrol group). Pain was measured by Verbal Rating Scale. Music therapy was given as per patients wish to experimental group and intensity of pain was monitored before and immediately after recovery from anesthes ia, during the 1st and 2nd postoperative day for both the groups. Results revealed that those patients who listened to self selected melody tapes had significant differences (pTse MM.Chan Me. Benzie, (2005) conducted a study to find the effectiveness of euphony therapy on postoperative pain and analgesic use following nasal surgery. Sample size was 57 patients (24females33 males) who were matched for age and finish and then non-selectively assigned to either an experimental or a control group. Music was played intermittently to members of the experimental group during the first 24hrs postoperative period and pain intensity was measured by Verbal Rating Scales. It shows the significant decrease in pain intensity over time were found in the experimental group compared to the control group (pNilsson, Unosson and Rawal, (2005) conducted a study on Stress reduction and analgesia in patients exposed to tranquillize unison postoperatively. The randomized controlled trial was designed to evaluate the effectiveness of music therapy. Seventy-five patients undergoing hernia repair in day care surgery were allocated to three groups intraoperative music, postoperative music and silence (control group). Patients postoperative pain, anxiety, blood extort (BP), heart rate (HR) and oxygen saturation were studied. The postoperative music group had less anxiety and pain and required less morphine after 1hr compared with the control group. The result concluded that intraoperative music may decrease postoperative pain, and that postoperative music therapy may reduce anxiety, pain and morphine consumption.SECTION- IV STUDIES RELATED TO EFFECTIVENESS OF MUSIC THERAPY AMONG POST CAESAREAN MOTHERS.Arastirma TAF pre Med Bull, (2009) conducted a study to evaluate the effectiveness of music therapy on postoperative pain after cesarian section. The sample size was 100 and randomly allocated into two groups (50 in each group).Group 1, patients listened to music through a headphone for 1hour immediately before surgery where as in group-2, not listen to any music during the same period. In the postanaesthesia care unit patients were affiliated to I.V. PCA device when they were able to respond to commands. The patients level of satisfaction with perioperative care was assessed by a 10cm visual Analogue Scale and the severity of postoperative pain was assessed by watercraft. The results shows that the postoperative tramadol consumption, total amount of tramadol consumption, additional analgesic use and all VAS values were lower in group-1(pAmin Ebneshahidi, and Masood Mohseni, (2008) conducted a study to evaluate the effect of patient selected music on early postoperative pain, anxiety and Hemodynamic compose in Caesarean section. The sample size was 80 who were undergoing elective C.S.surgery enrolled randomly to listen 30 minutes of music or silence by head phones postoperatively. Pain and Anxiety were measured with visual Analogue Scale. Results says that t he pain score and postoperative cumulative opioid consumption were significantly lower among patients in the music group (pSECTION-V STUDIES RELATED TO GATE CONTROL THEORY OF PAINMarial, (2007) did a study to assess the effectiveness of back manipulate on pain during first stage of labour among mothers in selected maternity centre at tirupur. 60 samples were selected by using convenient sampling method for the study (experimental group-30 and control group-30). Experimental group received massage were as the control group did not. She used Melzack pain door control supposition for conceptual frame work. Data was collected using behavioral intensity and visual analogue scale. The statistical calculation done was frequency mean, SD, chi-square andt test. The result of the study shows that massage is a cost effective nursing hinderance that can decreases the pain perception during labour.Jacintha, (1995) did a study on the effect of back massage during the first stage of labour. S he divided the samples in to two groups of 30 each. The experimental group received back massage for 10 minutes per hour. She used non participatory observation technique to observe the paternal behavioral every hour. She used Melzack pain opening control speculation for conceptual frame work. The experimental group was interviewed regarding their experience and feelings of back massage before shifting them to the post natal ward. 100% of mothers remembered massage given to them during labour, with feeling of comfortable in 76.66% and relaxed in 43.33%. All the mothers were of the opinion that all mothers in labour should be given back massage.Locsin, (1981) did a study to assess the effectiveness of music on the pain of selected postoperative patients during first 48 hrs. The 24 female gynecology and/ obstetric patients were assign to two groups (control and experimental). The measurement of the experimental variable was done by an Overt Pain Reduction Rating Scale (OPRRS) which is devised by the writer. Significant differences were found between the groups of postoperative patients in their muscular-skeletal and verbal reactions during the first 58hr at the 0.05 level. The conceptual exemplar of the study was based on the concept of distraction following the Gate Control Theory of Pain by Melzack Wall (1965). The finding says that the music can be used as a nursing measure for postoperative patients.SECTION-VI CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK BASED ONGATECONTROL THEORY OF PAIN (MELZACK AND WALL (1965)The conceptual frame work for the present study was derived from Gate Control Theory of Pain (Melzack and Wall, 1995)Application of Gate Control Theory of PainPolit and Hungler, (1965) state that a conceptual framework is inter related concept on abstraction that is assembled together in some clear-sighted scheme by virtue of their relevance to a common scheme. It is a device that helps to stimulate research and the extension of knowledge by providing both direction a nd impetus. The present study was aimed at determining the effectiveness of music therapy on intensity of post operative pain among primipara mothers who had Caesarean Section. The conceptual frame work of this study was derived from entry control theory of pain.Gate Control Theory of PainMany theories of pain have been presented in the literature. These include specificity, pattern, affect and psychological/behavioral theory (Mander 1998). The most widely used and accepted theory is that of Melzack Wall (1965). These researchers have open up that gentle remark actually inhibits the sensation of pain. Their door control theory states that a neural or spinal gating mechanism occurs in the reassert gelatinosa of the dorsal horns of the spinal cord. The font impulses received by nociceptors, the receptors for pain in the skin and tissue of the body, are affected by the gating mechanism. It is the position of the gate that determines whether or not the nerve impulses travel freel y to the medulla and the thalamus, thereby transmitting the sensory impulse or message, to the sensory cortex. The pain impulses will be carried out by the small diameter slow conducting A-delta and C fibers. Impulses traveled through small diameter fibers will open the pain gate and the person feels pain. Pain gate is also receiving impulses produced by stimulation of thermo receptors or mechanoreceptors transmitted via large diameter myellindated A-delta fibers inhibit superimpose the small diameter impulses. (Myles -2003)If the gate is closed, there is little or no conduction, for example distraction, counseling and massage techniques are ways to release endorphins, which close the gate. This prevents or reduces the clients perception of pain (Freeman and Lawlis, 2001) If the gate is open, the impulses and messages pass and are transmitted freely. Therefore, when the gate is open, pain and sensation is experienced. (Potter and Perry, 2009)Many non pharmacological procedures such as hydrotherapy, music therapy (distraction), application of heat or ice, massage, vibration, TENS and movement stimulate the nerve endings connected with large diameter fibres which can produce a reduction of pain by closing the pain gate. Based on the principle of gate control theory, the following conceptual framework was developed. Method used to reduce intensity of postoperative pain is instrumental music which is composed by violin among Primipara mothers who had Caesarean Section.Stimulation of Pain ReceptorsSurgical combat injury of the uterus due to Caesarean Section stimulates pain receptors in lower abdomen and lumbar area of the back. In the control group there was more stimulation of pain receptors in these areas due to the close get to between the contracting uterus and abdominal and lower back structures. In case of experimental group(Music therapy), there was less stimulation of free nerve ending in the lower abdomen and lumbar area of back compared to the control group due to the distraction caused by music therapy. traveling of Pain ImpulsesNormally pain impulses are traveling through small short conducting A-delta and C fibres. Impulses from stimulation will be distracted by instrumental music and decrease in pain perception produce a reduction of pain by closing the pain gate in experimental group.Gating MechanismPain impulses after the Caesarean Section are transmitted through the spinal nerve segment of T11-12 and supportive lower thoracic and upper lower sympathetic nerves, which are traveled through (A-delta and C) small diameter and slow conducting a myelinated fibres and reach the pain gate and open the gate thus the mother perceives pain in the lower abdomen and lower back. Impulses reduced by music due to reduced in pain perception to travel through fast conducting myelinated A-delta fibres which impose small fibres and close the pain gate.SUMMARYThis chapter dealt with the studies related to importance of postoperative pain man agement, application of music therapy and conceptual frame work based on gate control theory of pain.