Economic Analysis of Crop Diversification Essay

There is a dramatic change in the earning, spending and saving pattern of the people of India in the post reform (economic) period that is post 1991. During this period, income generating mechanism in this country underwent massive changes. With a sustained economic growth, rising per capita income along with an ever increasing population, the dietary pattern in India is also changing very fast. The Indian food basket is diversifying in favour of high value food commodities like fruits, vegetables, dairy products, poultry products and fish products from staple food such as rice, wheat and coarse cereals. This raises a challenge to Indian agriculture. On the other hand the modern agriculture dominated by chemical and irrigation intensive farming system has not only raised productivity but simultaneously has also resulted in soil erosion, water contamination, pesticides poisoning, land degradation through water logging and soil salinity, depletion of bio-diversity, etc., forcing farmer s to apply ever-increasing doses of fertilisers and to make water supply available on a continuous basis, in order to maintain the productivity levels. This again raises another challenge to Indian agriculture. It may not be wondering if we assume that organic farming system may generate such situation to address both the challenges mentioned above. This paper is concerned with an analysis of crop diversification under organic and inorganic farming in West Bengal. Crop diversification is different from the concept of multiple cropping or succession planting over the growing seasons. Moreover, it implies the use of environmental and human resources to grow a mix of crops with complementary marketing opportunities. Thus, it implies a shifting of resources from low value crops to high value crops such as fruits, vegetables, etc. The concept of crop diversification in globalized market of agricultural produce refers to increase the total crop productivity in terms of quality, quantity and monetary value under different specific agro-climatic situations across the world. There are two approaches to crop diversification in agriculture. First is horizontal diversification, which is the primary approach to crop diversification in production agriculture. The approach takes place through crop intensification by adding new high-value crops to existing cropping systems. Thus, the approach facilitates the improvement of overall productivity of a farm or farming economy of a region. The second approach is the vertical diversification. Under this approach, farmers and others add value to products through processing, regional branding, packaging, merchandising or other efforts to enhance the farm-product. The opportunities for crop diversification may vary depending on risks, opportunities and the feasibility of proposed changes within a socio-economic and agro-economic context. However, crop diversification through substitution of one crop or mixed cropping / inter-cropping may be a useful tool to mitigate problems associated with aberrant weather to some extent, especially in the arid and semi-arid drought-prone / dry land areas. Impact of crop diversification Crop diversification is intended to practice of growing more than one crop (or enterprise) in any year to increase financial and biological stability of the farm. In the agricultural context, diversification can be regarded as the re-allocation of some of a farm’s productive resources, such as land, capital, farm equipment and paid labour, into new activities. These can be new crops or livestock products, value-adding activities, provision of services to other farmers, etc. On the other hand, diversification of agriculture refers to the shift from the regional dominance of one crop to regional production of a number of crops, to meet ever increasing demand for cereals, pulses, oilseeds, fruits and vegetables, etc. It aims to improve soil health and a dynamic equilibrium of the agro-ecosystem. Crop diversification takes into account the economic returns from different value-added crops. Crop diversification can better tolerate the ups and downs in the market value of farm produ cts and may ensure economic stability for farming families of the state. The adverse effects of aberrant weather, such as erratic and scanty rainfall and drought are very common in a vast area in agricultural production of the state. Incidents of flood in one part and drought in the other part are a very frequent phenomenon in the state. Under these aberrant weather situations, dependence on one or two major cereals (rice, wheat, etc.) is always risky. Diversification in agriculture has tremendous impact on the agro-socio-economic condition and uplifting resource-poor farming communities. It generates income and employment for rural youth year round for the ultimate benefits of the farmers in the state. It implies the use of local resources in a larger mix of diverse cropping systems and livestock, aquaculture and other non-farm sectors in the rural areas. Problem statement The yield as well as farm income is the essential part for crop diversification for the farmer of an agricultural based economy like West Bengal. Normally, the farmers diversify farm enterprises to meet the cash requirements of the family and to mitigate risk associated with mono-cropping, depending on conventional wisdom over the years. The crop diversification in the state is also considered with greater emphasis from the view point to price response, market infrastructure, availability of resources and public interventions (price and credit policies of farming business, research and development in farming activities, etc.) in agriculture. The judicious crop mix has facilitated increased farm incomes. It has also contribution towards the utilization of under employed resources to mitigate seasonal and under unemployment of rural labour force. The crop diversification has also helped to reduce risks and uncertainties in crops yields due to climatic and biological vagaries. Thus the study was conducted to analyze the extent of crop diversification at different levels of farm size as well as crop growing seasons in West Bengal for both inorganic and organic farming systems, commonly followed by the farmers in the state.

Memorials

The Supreme Court may, in its discretion, grant special leave to appeal from any Judgment, decree, determination, sentence, or order in any cause or matter passed or made by any court or tribunal . Art 136 confers a discretionary power on the Supreme Court to interfere in suitable ceases, such as, a breach of natural Justice by the order appealed against or in exceptional ceases. The Supreme Court will intervene in if there has been a resultant failure of Justices or violation of principles of natural Justices or without a proper appreciation of material on record or the submissions made, interference under Art. 6 is warranted. The Supreme Court grant leave to appeal in criminal matters when exceptional and special circumstances exist, substantial and grave injustice has been done, and the case in question presents features of sufficient gravity to warrant a review of the decision appealed against or there has been a departure from legal procedure such as vitiates the whole trial, or if the findings of fact were such as were shocking to the judicial conscience of the Court.It would interfere where High Court's order results in gross miscarriage of Justice's. That special leave petition against interim order maintainable. The Supreme Court exercise its Jurisdiction under Art. 136 of the Constitution in respect of an interlocutory/interim order in especial circumstances to prevent manifest injustice or abuse of process of the Court 1 or where it is unsustainable on the face of it or where the interim order passed by the Division Bench of the High Court, on facts, is perverse in nature's or unreasonable.Where the interim order was not made in equity, interference by the Supreme Court was called forl.That the reasons for the decision must be given. A decision affecting the right of people without assigning any reason cannot be accepted as a procedure which is fair, Just and reasonable and hence violated of ‘reasons' may also be implied in the principles of â €˜natural Justice'17. Absence of reasoning is impermissible in Judicial pronouncement's.It is the reasoning alone, that can enable a higher or an appellate court to appreciate the controversy in issue in its correct perspective and to hold whether the reasoning recorded by the Court whose order is impugned, is sustainable in law and whether it has adopted the correct legal approach. To sub-serve the purpose of Justice delivery system, therefore, it is essential that the Courts should record reasons for its conclusions, whether disposing of the case at admission stage or after regular hearing proper reasoning is the foundation of a Just and fair decision.Failure to give reasons amounts to denial of Justice's. When the reason of a law once ceases, the law itself generally ceases. That order passed in violation of natural Justice is void. The breaches of rules of natural Justice must have the effect of producing void decisions. Any action in violation of principles of natural Justic e is a nullity and is altar-fires and hence suffers from Jurisdictional error. Thus, an order which infringes an fundamental freedom passed in violation of audit alters parted is a nullity.That decision of sub-ordinate court is in violation of Doctrine of Proportionality. The punishment imposed has to be reasonable because of the constraints of Art. 14. This means that if the punishment imposed is unreasonable, Art. 14 is infringed. The court can thus decide upon the proportionality of the punishment when it is strikingly disproportionate. The penalty imposed must be commensurate with the gravity of he misconduct, and that any penalty disproportionate to the gravity of the misconduct would be violated of Art. 14 of the Constitution.The freedom of speech is regarded as â€Å"a species of which freedom of expression is a genus†29 That a company can challenge the violation of its Fundamental Rights under Article 19 of the Constitution of India. The Supreme Court has stated that the law with regard to a company challenging the violation of its Fundamental Rights under Article 19 is in a â€Å"nebulous state†. The Court has gone on to say: â€Å"Thus apart from the law fundamental freedoms guaranteed by Art. 9, the rights of a shareholder and the company which the shareholders have formed are rather co-extensive and the denial to one of the fundamental freedom would be denial to the other.That intention is necessary for the offence of defamation under Section 499 of Indian Penal Code. In order to attract the offence of defamation under Section 499 of I. P. C. Mess area is required I. E. The publication must be made with intention to harm the reputation of a person against whom it was directed. The accused must have made the imputation with the intention of harming or with the knowledge that it will harm the reputation of the person defamed. Therefore, the intention to cause harm is the most essential â€Å"sine qua non† of an offence under Sec tion 49934.That a company cannot be held criminally liable for the offence of defamation. In view of Section 3(42), General Clauses Act, 1897 a company or association or body of individuals answers the definition of person. So, prima facie a company may be prosecuted for demotion. But, to invoke Section 499, the defamatory publication must be associated by delinquent's intention to cause harm. But company cannot be said to have the Mess area of forming an intention to cause harm because a company, a rustic entity cannot have any mind.If there is anything in the definition or context of a particular section in the statute which will prevent the application of the section to a limited company, certainly a limited company cannot be proceeded against. Then again a limited company cannot generally be tried when Mess area is essentially. The company is a legal entity which can be prosecuted if it is guilty of acts which make it punishable under the particular Criminal Statuette. So a comp any cannot be held to have committed an offence under Section 500, l. P. CO.That decision must be given after viewing publication as a whole. Publication must be Judged as a whole. The impact and effect of the imputations, if any, had to be considered in the background of the entire facts and circumstances stated therein. The bane and the antidote ought to have been considered together. If in one part of the publication there is something disreputable but it is removed by the other parts and the conclusions, then the disreputable part alone cannot be taken out in the process of picking and choosing in order to venture a prosecution for defamation.

The book Breakout Nations Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

The book Breakout Nations - Essay Example To recognize the countries that will emerge as economic winner in the future, it is important that one should abandon the habit of making assessments from past events and putting diverse countries in one bracket. It is required that emerging markets be treated separately and one should remember that economic success is not an everyday issue. The new â€Å"breakout nations† may jump from the darkness and Sharma identifies the nations they probably will be and attempts to explain the reason behind his speculation. Through this book, Sharma looks at the world from the glasses of a veteran market player. His book is based on his experiences and studies on developing countries that he gained after twenty years of travelling around the world. This book defines a breakout nation as the one that exceeds expectations or that develops faster than other countries having the same per capita income. Sharma has explained the reason behind this definition. He says that there is a circulating myth that if China’s economic growth gets reduced from its previous rate then it will make no difference as China will still be progressing faster than many western nations. Sharma, however has two views on this. According to him if China’s growth rate declines, then it will be considered as recession within the nation, and also for the rest of the world because people are accustomed to the previous growth rate of China. Sharma explains that other than growth rate, it is also important from where the growth starts. With two nations having same growth rates, it is the country with more per capital income that will be making a huge achievement. He said â€Å"per capita income is the critical measure because a growing pie doesnâ⠂¬â„¢t change a nation’s circumstances if the number of mouths it needs to feed is growing just as fast.† (Sharma, 19) Sharma attempts to speculate as to what factors contribute towards some nations that can

Volcano Rock Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Volcano Rock - Assignment Example Because of their less density magma usually moves upwards. Of in any case they make it to the surface they usually crystalize leading to the formation of volcanic rocks.The naming of volcanic rocks is usually one in accordance to their chemical composition. Because of the difference in the rate at which magma solidifies there is always a difference in the rate at which they solidify. Volcanic rocks usually have two main categories namely: extrusive volcanic rocks and intrusive volcanic rocks. Extrusive volcanic rocks are those that come into existence as a result of eruption of seafloor fissures and volcanoes. They are also sometimes as a result of freezing in the shallow depths. This implies that extrusive volcanic rocks cool at a high rate under relatively low pressure. This can be used as an explanation for them being glassy and fine grained. Intrusive volcanic rocks on the other side take a little longer to solidify and do not produce gasses (Erickson and Muller 212). Due to the high rate of cooling at the surface the resulting rocks usually have many tiny crystals which lead to the aphanitic texture of extrusive volcanic rocks. Magma that slowly cools at the depth leads to the formation of few but large crystals which result to the phaneritic texture of intrusive volcanic rocks. However, there is always a different texture formation in cases when the magma starts by cooling slowly then starts cooling faster later (Zhang 253). The resulting texture is always referred to as porphyritic texture. The composition of magma is always determined by the abundance of elements that are in the earth. Some of the elements that are usually among the composition of magma include silicon, aluminum, calcium, magnesium, sodium, potassium, hydrogen, and oxygen. These elements make 99.9% of the elements that are found in the earth. Because of the abundance of oxygen the chemical analysis of volcanic rocks is always done in terms of oxides of the

Assignment2 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Assignment2 - Essay Example It would have been more appropriate if the memo had an introductory paragraph that outlined its purpose. A memo should not start with a main point without a proper introduction. The use of language and choice of words is of critical importance in technical communication. The memo does not consider this. Many of the sentences use words that make it discourteous to the residents (Anderson 34). It is advisable to urge people to abide by certain rules instead of commanding them. Many residents may feel agitated by the threats in the memo and the improper use of language. As highlighted above, each paragraph deserves a proper heading so that communication may be more straight forward. The use of capital letters in an entire sentence is considered as yelling to the residents, and is improper to use in the memo. Although the building manager exercises a form of authority, the communication style used should reflect his respect for the residents. In any case, the residents are the customers and deserve the highest consideration. Therefore, it is unwise to address them in a manner that can be considered rude. It would have been more appropriate for the building manager to highlight the problems and make suggestions of potential solutions. This would have persuaded the residents to follow the rules of tenancy. Notably, the memo should use logos in an effort to convince the residents that they can do more in ensuring a high level of functionality in the plaza. However, the memo used pathos in creating fear in many of the residents, which is not an effectiv e strategy. The memo should leave a room for the tenants to give their suggestions on the new terms of tenancy. It is critical to bear in mind that there are terms and conditions that define the tenancy agreement (49). Therefore, introducing new rules should not be a form of compulsion to the tenants. In addition, it is improper to

Sociology Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 29

Sociology - Essay Example t perspective, this development is good because robots make the production process more efficient thereby making goods more readily available and cheaper because they can now be produced in scale with lesser cost. From the conflict theorist however, this is not at all good because it will displace the jobs of humans by machines which are cheaper and easier to maintain. This can be gleaned in the comparison in the Philips assembly line in Drachten where robots dominated the factory requiring only few personnel while the same company also has a plant in China manned by thousands of employees doing the same thing. By this comparison, it showed the stark conflict of how robots in inimical to worker’s interest because it replaces them. This was highlighted by an article’s comment wherein it is said that humans are like animals which gives him headache to maintain stressing that human beings are also prone to conflict. For the symbolic interactionist however, there is a way that the two entity can exist in mutually beneficial interaction. It starts with a premise that human beings will not lose its place in our manufacturing plants and warehouses only that their interaction with work will be evolve such as their transfer to jobs that requires problem solving and creativity which robots cannot do such as those jobs in design. Markoff, J. â€Å"Skilled Work without the Worker†. August 18, 2012. Retrieved from http://www.nytimes.com/2012/08/19/business/new-wave-of-adept-robots-is-changing-global-industry.html?pagewanted=1&_r=3. Retrieved on February 01,

Analysis of Mortgage Crisis Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Analysis of Mortgage Crisis - Research Paper Example The roots of the current US subprime lending crisis can be traced back to the spiraling housing prices in the first half of this decade. Extremely low lending and borrowing rates increased the demand and supply of existing and new houses. Several institutions started offering subprime mortgages, to borrowers who had an unfavorable credit history, at lower than normal repayment interest levels with little or no down payments. Many investment banks and hedge fund owners began to bet on this new aspect of the US economy. This had allowed investors to avail themselves of loans at low interest rates and invest them in higher yielding avenues. But soon with the US Central Bank (Federal Reserve) initiating a series of interest rate hikes leading to the increase of cost of borrowing to 5.25%, which is the maximum since the last half a decade, and a simultaneous decrease in housing prices, the subprime mortgages were reset at high rates leaving the borrowers to foreclose their accounts and mi ss payments. As an outcome, financial institutions and banks with mortgage securities incurred huge losses and had to trade their assets leading to the subprime lending crisis. Â   Prime debtors are the ones who are considered creditworthy. Subprime debtors are the ones with impaired or no credit history. Subprime lending can be defined simply as lending that involves higher credit risk. While prime loans are typically made to borrowers who have a strong credit history and can demonstrate a capacity to repay their loans, subprime loans are typically made to borrowers who are perceived as deficient on either or both of these grounds. Since this involves the risk of non-payment by the client, it is usually offered at a higher interest rate. The subprime mortgage financial crisis refers to the sharp rise in foreclosures in the subprime mortgage market that started in the US in 2006 and became a global financial crisis in July 2007. The subprime lending storm did not break out overnight. The clouds had been gathering strength for the past few years. Low-interest rates and ample liquidity led to unbridled credit expansion, asset growth and an increase in demand for collateralized debt.

COMPARE AND OR CONTRAST THE EFFECTS OF THE SETTING ON THE MAIN Essay

COMPARE AND OR CONTRAST THE EFFECTS OF THE SETTING ON THE MAIN CHARACTERS OF THE FOLLOWING TWO SHORT STORIES. THE LAST LEAF, BY WILLIAM SIDNEY PORTER (O. HEN - Essay Example To illustrate the various ways in which setting can be used to identify and mold the characters of a story, we will compare and contrast the effects of setting on the main characters involved in William Sidney Porter’s â€Å"The Last Leaf† (O. Henry) and Nadine Gordimer’s â€Å"The Ultimate Safari.† In â€Å"The Last Leaf,† the story opens with a description of the â€Å"crazy and broken† streets that â€Å"make strange angles and curves.† Immediately the reader is placed in mind of either a broken down part of town or an artist’s mecca, which indeed this area of town has become as we learn in the very next paragraph. As the area becomes associated with artists in the reader’s mind, an idea of the culture of the area becomes clear. With this association to the land of imagination, creativity and make-believe, the reader is more inclined to believe one of the main characters, Johnsy, would truly die once the last leaf fell from the ivy vines outside her window. This belief is, to some degree, also shared by her roommate Sudie and their downstairs neighbor, Mr. Behrman. Understanding that Sudie’s fear regarding the vine is strong enough to mention her concern to their neighbor indicates this conviction of her roommate’s is at least halfway believable to the character. This is further emphasized as Sudie and Mr. Behrman â€Å"peered out the window fearfully at the ivy vine. Then they looked at each other for a moment without speaking.† Mr. Behrman’s final masterpiece is also an indication of just how much he buys into the concept of an artist who might die simply based on her convictions. To contrast against this culture, this belief in the power of the vine to number out the time Johnsy has left to live, is not shared by the good doctor, who is not a part of the artist culture and cannot understand a woman who would live in order to someday paint the bay of Naples but not for the hope of a good man. However, he is a good doctor who

S5W4DQs Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

S5W4DQs - Assignment Example These proceedings were instituted in a way that allowed the rapid use of Germany’s industrial potential to stimulate Western Europe economic recovery and growth in the years between 1945 and 1957. The punitive measures went hand in hand with reconciliatory measures in order to avoid resistance in the future. The United States provided Western Europe the necessary resources for economic reconstruction under the aid plan known as the Marshall plan (Dobbins et al, 2003). This was done in exchange for cooperation. Additionally, the United States maintained their military presence in Germany and other occupied Western Europe Countries to prevent the resurfacing of German power and also prevent Soviet expansion. In a nutshell, there was a mix between military weapons and economic weapons (Lecture notes, 2007). The Marshall plan led to transformation of the perception the German’s had towards the United States as colonialist occupants to perceiving them as economic partners. Western Europe recorded the highest growth in economy during the first quarter of the century after 1948. This rapid progress was branded as loirtschaftwundery (economic miracle) in Germany. The economic growth led to reduction of communist influence in Germany (Kunz, 1997; Reynolds 2004). Financial recovery spurred political stability in the region because financial assistance and the consequent economic growth led to cooperation among the citizens of Germany. The military security also followed as the Americans empowered the Europeans to contribute to their own defense. The Marshall plan was adopted as an Economic Recovery Program (ERP) in Western Europe and particularly Germany. This has become a model for future reconstruction programs. There are several aspects in the program that are applicable in the 21st century. The Marshall plan provided financial aid to spur economic growth in Western Europe, the result of this led the Western Europe to Shift their

Effective Management of Hypertension in African Americans Research Proposal

Effective Management of Hypertension in African Americans - Research Proposal Example For a long time, the high prevalence of hypertension (HTN) among the African Americans has not been fully examined through extensive research. Instead, conclusions have been made regarding the various treatment procedures. However, the incidences of associated complications have taken their toll on the patients and the treatment they get. A great deal of literature has emerged on the need for extensive research on ways of ensuring that each individual maintains good health, especially those with higher chances of getting cardiovascular ailments (Howard, Carson, Holmes, & Kaufman, 2009). Most of this research has been generalized with very few African Americans involved in the research case studies. The few that were integrated were used to generalize for the entire African American population. This was inconclusive in many ways since there are a number of attributes that were largely ignored. The efficacy of anti-hypertensive drugs in managing hypertension in African Americans is not well studied. The proposed intervention to effectively manage hypertension in African Americans is a combination therapy of thiazide diuretics and any other antihypertensive agent. Background Research on the African American communit

Black People and James Baldwin Essay Example for Free

Black People and James Baldwin Essay In Toni Morrison’s â€Å"Recitatif,† the story is about two girls, Twyla and Roberta. They grow up in an orphanage because their mothers could not care for them. Morrison makes it clear the girls come from different ethnic backgrounds but never states which one is black or white. At one point in the story Twyla comments, â€Å"We looked like salt and pepper. † I grew frustrated with the story and had to read it several times. I could never determine who was black and white and the lesson I learned should have been it doesn’t really matter. The story begins with Twyla’s mother dropping her off at the orphanage. She meets Roberta and they become best friends. The bond they share occurs because they were not considered real orphans. They were abandoned kids unlike the other children whose parents had died. One of the last times the girls see each other was the day of a visitation. On that night, Twyla’s mother was wearing â€Å"those tight green slacks that made her butt stick out. † Many people have labeled blacks as having larger butts. She could have been black, she could have been a heavy white woman with a large butt, or a Hispanic woman like me. But I automatically stereotyped and went with Twyla has to be black. During the visitation Roberta’s mother â€Å"had brought chicken legs. † Twyla notices Roberta does not eat the chicken legs. I always thought black people liked chicken more than white people which means Roberta was white since she did not eat the chicken. Or maybe she just wasn’t hungry. Shortly after that visitation Roberta’s mother came to take her home, leaving the girls devastated. They see each other several times throughout the years. At their first meeting, Roberta was rude and distant because she was high. Roberta tells Twyla she is on the way to see Jimi Hendrix. Hendrix was an infamous black guitarist. I thought at this point Roberta has to be black. However Hendrix’s band was interracial with a diverse audience. Roberta could have been white due to the diverse audience. I am a huge Hendrix fan and I am not black so why would I think Roberta is. Twelve years later they meet again at a grocery store. Roberta married a rich man and was extremely friendly to Twyla. Twyla cannot hold back her emotions and asks Roberta about the last time they saw each other. Roberta shrugs it off, â€Å"Oh, Twyla, you know how it was in those days: black—white. You know how everything was. † I can relate to this. In 1980, the Cuban Mariel Boat Lifts came over bring thousands of Cubans. I am Cuban but I was born here. Kids I had known since kindergarten treated me as if I just come over on the boats. It had a lasting effect on me and matured me beyond my years. The third time they meet is at the school where their children attend. Roberta and other mothers were picketing because they did not want their kids to be segregated. This led to a fight severing any last chance of a friendship for them as it would not be resolved until Twyla and Roberta meet for a final time. As the story ends I do not get a sense of closure. The question of which girl is white or black remains unanswered. It opened my eyes and made me question how prejudice I really am. I try to not stereotype as a result of what I went through as a child but I found myself doing just that. I can understand why Morrison wrote the way she. I am not sure what her goal was overall but to me it seemed as if she were teaching me about prejudices. â€Å"Recitatif† challenged me to not judge either girl by their race but accept them for who they are. In the end, what difference did it really make about the girls’ races? The story is about how their friendship develops and then deteriorates. Nothing more; nothing less.

Anita and Meena in Anita and Me and Piggy and Ralph in Lord of the Flies Essay Example for Free

Anita and Meena in Anita and Me and Piggy and Ralph in Lord of the Flies Essay In both Anita and Me and Lord of the Flies, the characters have very much the same type of friendship. The two people in the friendship are not on the same level when they are together. For example, in Anita and Me, Meena is never seen as more superior to Anita and Piggy is never seen as superior to Ralph. Despite this fact, the reader can obviously tell that both Meena and Piggy are more intellectually superior to Anita and Ralph. These two friendships in both books undergo changes as incidents occur such as the forming of Jacks tribe in Lord of the Flies and when Anitas other friends abandon her. These changes really force both Anita and Ralph, the more superior of the two friendships to rely heavily on the inferior of the friendships, Piggy and Meena for emotional support. If these parts of the two books were looked at in detail, the reader would see that both Ralph and Anita usually feel as if they cannot continue and Meena and Piggy are usually the people who help them through their difficult times and provide support. At the beginning of Anita and Me, Anita is portrayed as quite an attractive young girl and one with the power to have control over people, Anita was the undisputed cock of our yardher foghorn voice, foul mouth indicated she was carrying enough testosterone around to earn the titleshe had the face of a pissed-off cherub, huge green eyes, blonde hair and a curling mouth Here we can see that Anita is described as the undisputed cock of our yard. This illustrates how she is a very powerful girl. The fact that features such as blonde hair, large green eyes and a face of a cherub are resembled in her suggest that she is quite an angelic, good and polite young girl. This, however, is contradicted by her foghorn voice and foul mouth. This shows us how she is not really what she seems and that even though she may look tough and powerful, she really is quite a lonely, sad girl. If we compare Anitas appearance to Meenas, we see a large difference: the winter coat, the scabbed knees, my stubborn nine-year old face not because I was too young or badly dressed, it was something else, something about me so offputting, so unimaginable. Meena describes herself as very unattractive. When compared to Anita, we can see that it is the truth. Anitas description gives her maturity and superiority while Meenas make her seem as if she is a little nine-year old girl who does not possess the same maturity and superiority as Anita. It is very much the same as Lord of the Flies with Piggy and Ralphs friendship. At the beginning, our first impression gained of Ralph is of an athletic and attractive young boy: He was old enough, twelve years and a few months, to have lost the prominent tummy of childhoodyou could see now that he might make a boxer, as far as width and heaviness of shoulders went, buy there was a mildness about his mouth and eyes that proclaimed no devil Here Ralph is described in an attractive way and he, like Anita, can be described in two different ways: firstly as a boxer which portrays Ralph as a strong, powerful man while the mildness about his mouth and eyes shows that he is still an innocent pleasant young boy. In the same way Anita is friends with Meena in Anita and Me, Ralph is friends with Piggy. Piggy is very similar to Meena. Both Piggy and Meena are not as attractive as Ralph and Anita. In this way, they are seen as insuperior to them: The naked crooks of his knees were plump, caught and scratched by thorns Here Piggys description does not portray him as either very attractive or very interesting. The fact that his knees are scratched by thorns makes Piggy seem quite young as you normally imagine young children to have scratched knees. Ralph is described as almost a man. This is another way in which Piggy is depicted as inferior to Ralph. Another way in which Ralph and Anita are described as greater than Piggy and Meena are when they meet. When Anita talks to Meena for the first time, she assumes that she is more superior to Meena. then snatched the bag off me and began walking away as she ate When Anita meets Meena, she snatches a bag of sweets from her and starts to walk away. She expects Meena to follow and what I find surprising is that Meena seems to think that this is fine and she feels happy to follow her a few paces behind. Meena feels privileged to be in Anitas company. Anita realises this and uses it to her advantage. Anita has got used to realising that she is normally the leader of a group and that she has the ability to exert a lot of power. Ralph also assumes that he is superior when he meets Piggy. When Piggy asks what Ralphs name is, Ralph does not return the gesture: The fat boy waited to be asked his name in turn buy this proffer of acquaintance was not made Here Ralph is portrayed as quite arrogant. We can see that Ralph obviously feels in some way superior to this fat boy and therefore he feels that he is not the same level as him. Throughout the book, Ralph has a certain amount of superiority over Piggy and uses it often. When Jack, Simon and Ralph explore the island for the first time and Piggy asks to come, Ralph embaraces him by refusing to let him come. The same is done in Anita and Me, as Anita is throughout the book more superior to Meena. Both Meena and Piggy do not belong to the groups that are formed in the books. Piggy is far too intellectual and mature for the games played and he is the odd one out of the group, as is Simon. Meena too does not fit in to Anitas group. She describes herself as too young for Anitas consideration and too old for the children. Even when she does join Anitas group, she sometimes feels out of place. Towards the end of both books, both Anita and Ralph find that they need support when their close friends leave them. In Anita and Me, Anita experiences this when her mother leaves: she always seemed older than her peers. But when I spied her sitting alone on the park swings, from a distance, her crumpled face and hunched shoulders turned her momentarily into a little old lady. When Anitas mother and the poet leave her, Anita feels depressed and lonely. Meena, although she is angry with her, feels sorry for Anita and tries to comfort and support her. This shows how Meena, even though she is portrayed as insuperior to Anita, is the more stable of the two girls. Meena has two loving parent who look after her well and a baby brother while Anita lives with her unreliable mother who is hardly there for her and a father who sees her very rarely. Ralph also finds himself in this situation when the boys divide into two groups and Ralph is left only with Simon and Piggy: Piggy Uh? What are we going to do? Piggy looked at the conch. You could- Call an assembly? Ralph laughed sharply as he said the word and Piggy frowned. Here we can see the difference in Ralphs way of talking to Piggy. We can see that Ralph has no idea of what to do now that Jack has made his own tribe. Ralph now finds that he is relying on Piggy to help and support him through his time of need. Ralph also uses the word we instead of I. This shows how Ralph feels that both him and Piggy are now in their own tribe. It also shows how Ralph is letting Piggy be on the same level as him by using we. Another way in, which the friendship of Anita and Meena and the friendship between Ralph and Piggy are similar, is the ending of the friendship. At the end of the book, Meena realises that Anita is not the person she should be a best friend with: I dont give a toss what your sister [Anita] does, Tracey. Yow can tell her that from me. At this point, Meena has realised that Anita has not treated her as well as she should have been treated. Meena learns this from making friends with two other people who treat her well and are true friends. When Meena returns from hospital, she doesnt socialise much and is happy doing things alone. Anita, jealous of her happiness and the love she receives from her parents, sends threatening notes to her in the hope of scaring Meena. At this point we can really see that Meena is superior to Anita as Anita tries to make a desperate attempt at trying to feel more superior and secure by threatening her. The same happens in Lord of the Flies. After Piggy has died, Ralph realises what a great friend Piggy really was to him and how much he needs him when Jacks tribe turn against him: And in the middle of them, with filthy body, unwiped nose, Ralph wept for the end of innocence, the darkness of mans heart, and the fall through the air of the true, wise friend called Piggy. Here we can see that Ralphs image of a strong, powerful young man is lost and we see him as a young naà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ve boy in contrast to Piggy who is described as wise. Before, Piggy was portrayed as a fat, asthmatic boy who was inferior to Ralph but now we see that Piggy is superior to Ralph. Ralph realises this and feels bad in the way he treated Piggy. Towards the end of both books, the characters who were portrayed as superior: Anita and Ralph find it hard to cope when Meena and Piggy leave them. In Anita and Me, when Meena breaks the friendship between herself and Anita, Anita begins to find that she is jealous of Meena and sends her threatening notes. Similarly in Lord of the Flies, when Piggy dies, Ralph finds it hard to cope. He is left all alone and is abandoned by his so-called friends who he preferred to Piggy in the beginning. In both cases we find how much Ralph and Anita depended on Piggy and Meena to make them feel superior. While in actual fact, Meena and Piggy were the superior ones.

Impact Of The Creative City Theory Cultural Studies Essay

Impact Of The Creative City Theory Cultural Studies Essay The creative city has become an amazingly popular concept in recent years. Along with the appearance of Richard Floridas book The Rise of the Creative Class (2002), and Charles Landrys The Creative City (2000), it seems that every city is developing a creative city policy. At the same time, the creative city concept is under serious debate in the academic world. Nevertheless, a gap exists between the academic literature that discusses the development of the creative city on a conceptual level, and the actual policy development in individual cities. On the one hand, many cities base their policies on limited sources. These include the works of Landry and Florida. On the other hand, cities take over the content of successful creative city policies such as Barcelona or Lille. They update their own policies then with the concept of the creative city (Chatterton, 2000, p. 392). In a similar vein, Russo and Van der Borg (2010, p.686) state that the relation between culture and urban economic remains largely a black box in which cities move like amateurs. Accordingly, creative city policy tends to be ad hoc rather than moving towards the professionalization of creative activities (cf. Jayne, in: Evans, 2009, p. 1011). In the next chapters, firstly, we will summarize quickly academic literature explaining the concept of the creative city in more detail. Secondly, we will review policies of four Dutch cities described by Kooijman and Romein (2007) to find out more about the presence of creative city elements. Finally, we try to find out what the impact of the creative city theory on practice policies really are. In the discussion there are a few critics that have some interesting points of view and we contemplate on the usefulness for my graduation project. Concept of the Creative City Knowledge-based activities are of crucial importance for the growth in modern urban economies. Some regional economists claim that local clusters of linked industries and institutions in specific sectors are essential elements for urban competitiveness. People-based perspectives emphasize the importance of highly skilled and well educated workers as the key to economic success. Although many members of the creative class are high-educated, Richard Florida stressed in his books (Florida, 2002, 2005) the importance of creative talent for economic growth. Following his train of thought, it is primarily the capacity to generate new ideas, new knowledge and technologies, and new forms and content, and the ability to solve complex problems, that determines whether technologically-advanced companies decide to locate and invest in a city. Floridas assumption is that jobs follow people, rather than that people follow jobs. Local economic policy should thus be primarily aimed at attracting cre ative people rather than business. It is a well-known fact that creative people prefer urban places with an attractive living environment, a good quality of place. If a city can provide this, creative people will settle, and investment in creative, productive activities will follow. According to Florida, this means that places have driven back companies as key organizing units in our economy. By means of the metaphor of the 3Ts, he sums up the qualities of places: technology, talent and tolerance. Technological capacity is seen as a prerequisite for economic success; flows of talented people are regarded essential, since these are the carriers of creativity; and tolerance is thought of as the crucial magnet, the supply-side foundation upon which creative clusters are built (Peck, 2005, p.746). Besides the 3Ts, there is a broad array of other factors that the creative class takes in mind when making decisions. On the basis of both theoretical and operational findings, Trip (2007, p. 31) concluded that diversity, specific amenities, liveliness and culture are key-concepts that generate a creative life packed full of intense, high-quality, multidimensional experiences. It can also be assumed that creative talent attaches great importance to the presence of third places which are neither home nor work, but forms of outdoor leisure and entertainment where information and ideas can be interchanged (Florida, 2002). This is not seen as an activity which is strictly separated from work and only engaged at certain times of the day, but rather as something which interacts with work in a process of personal and social creative growth. It is interesting to note that Floridas thesis builds on the notion that former established dichotomies such as culture versus economy, work versus leisure, production versus consumption (Mommaas, 1999, p. 177) are becoming less relevant in understanding how an increasing number of people live in cities, and how individual cities prosper. Policies in Practice To get a better inside in the implementation of the creative city theory in the policies in practice I will give an explanation of the policies in four largest Dutch cities investigated by Kooijman and Romein (2007). They made a methodological framework using the policy philosophy model developed by Vermeijden (2001). In this model there is made a distinction between three major components. The normative core contains the basic principles and guidelines of urban policy that consists of the motivation and legitimation of plans and proposals. The policy core is based on concepts, strategies, themes, programs and policy objectives. It elaborates the normative core into policies. The secondary aspects consist of the practical core of implementation includes the legal, administrative, financial and organisational framework. Amsterdam Economic policy in Amsterdam views as a key concept for economic performance. Currently the city is focusing on both banks of the IJ river and in the Eastern Port Area, by realizing large consumption venues, including a film museum. They are also strengthening the attractiveness of public spaces (Gemeente Amsterdam, 2004a), urban living (Gemeente Amsterdam, 2003a, 2005), and the city as a consumer environment. The city doesnt exclusively focus on the creative class, nor at highly skilled workers. This because of the fact that the city already more than 50 per cent highly skilled workers. Instead the city aims both to encourage creative talent to settle and tourists to visit. Interesting is that they dont distinguish different target groups. They claim that if the city is attractive to its inhabitants that it is also attractive to creative talent and tourists. Nevertheless, the last few years they paid more attention to their traditional characteristic tolerance and open atmosphere. R ecently the Spatial Planning Department replaced its top-down, supply side, design-focused planning approach. They are experimenting with a more demand-side and the role of the local government as mediator. They are actively searching for target groups, costumers and market players to sort into product-market combinations. Amsterdam sees city and region as belonging together. Amsterdam and Almere have thus recently developed the concept of twin city. Amsterdam has also focused on strengthening production with the Science Park Amsterdam. This cluster of high-tech industries is an early example of Dutch knowledge-based urban development policy. With regard to creative and cultural industries, since 1999, the city has invested in a broedplaatsenbeleid. This new policy was the outcome of the clearing large-scale old buildings and a boom in the private construction of commercial mainstream developments. Affordable locations for new creative initiatives became increasingly scarce. And sev eral of the initiatives moved to other cities. This made the local government realize that a valuable kind of economic capital was being destroyed. The policy aimed to take abandoned factories, warehouses, and similar buildings out of the property market, and place them at the disposal of small-scale, start-up enterprises in the creative and cultural industries. They did this, to provide affordable working and living spaces. (Van Ulzen, 2007, p. 181). The only other initiative to strengthen creative production has been the creation of an inventory of creative businesses, including characteristics of their production environments. To provide an empirical basis for possible future policies. (Gemeente Amsterdam, 2003b, 2006a, 2006b). Utrecht In Utrecht in the policy there is a focus on consumer environments notable as well. Two documents (Gemeente Utrecht, 203b, 2003c) aim at the strengthening of the inner city as a hospitable meeting place. Hereby there lies an emphasis on the hospitability sector and the leisure sector. The leisure note (2003b) seek to attract more visitors to Utrecht in order to create jobs and revenues. While the Economic Note (2003c) positions Utrecht as a meeting place for talent. This should draw people to live and work in the city. However, this talent could be described rather highly trained than creative. Those two documents reglect an entrepreneurial approach. This is also present in the Memorandum on Culture (Gemeente Utrecht, 2005), where the economic potential of consumer environments is the foremost priority of the policy-makers. The consumption-oriented policy in Utrecht tries to a achieve culture and leisure services in specific areas of the city. The emphasis lies here on the city cente r. The intention is to create a consumption environment with new shops, catering, cultural services and nightlife activities. The purpose here is to compete successfully with Amsterdam. In addition, area developments have been planned around the central railway station. In the Leidsche Rijn center there is developed a second heart that would generate 80,000 new residents and 40,000 new jobs. These projects include large scale consumption programs. A new music hall, multiplex cinema and a multi-purpose theatre. Finally, large-scale mono-functional retail, sports and recreation projects are planned at the edges of the city. All of these projects reflect the ambition of Utrecht to become a leisure center of national importance. Policy in Utrecht focuses explicitly on reinforcing the cultural and creative production than Amsterdam (Hogeschool voor de Kunsten, 2005). Just like Amsterdam did, Utrecht mapped out its creative sector, but the intention of Utrecht is to use this map actually as tool for strengthening the creative production. The municipal departments of Economy and Culture are attempting to support creative companies by equipping seedbeds and multi-tenant buildings. Utrecht is hereby more explicitly geared towards economic goals than Amsterdam. This is reflected in Utrechts explicit intention to improve the quality of cultural and creative entrepreneurship. Of all four cities, Utrecht is the only one that is engaged ina regional platform of municipalities, collaborating on production. The objective of this is strengthening networks of creative and artistic businesses with other institutions and companies like, educational institutes and banks. The city has a close alliance with the Province via the long term cultural program, Vrede van Utrecht (Treaty of Utrecht, 1713). In the years coming to the third centenary of the Treaty, there will be organized many events. Investments in cultural production will be made that explicitly aim to position Utrecht on the international map of cultural destinations. The focus is not limited to cultural and creative industries. The Economic Memorandum (Gemeente Utrecht, 2003c) focuses on other sectors as well. Business and medical services. The latter is an example of knowledge-based urban development. The aim is to strengthen links between educational and research institutes, healthcare services, and industry. The approach is more explicitly entrepreneurial than Amsterdam . There is a finer balance between the consumption and production based policies. Rotterdam The production and consumption-oriented policies in Rotterdam are to be concerned of the grown awareness that the city has about the fact that it lies behind the other three major cities. Due to relatively strong orientation on capital-intensive manufacturing and logistics, lowly skilled labour force, and a low intensity of knowledge (Gemeente Rotterdam, 2004b). The aim of its consumption oriented policy is to improve the citys attractiveness for residents, visitors, and tourists. This policy has clear economic roots, although the relative strength of the economic perspective differs between local government departments and agencies. The municipal Department of Art Cultures Cultural Plan 2005-2008 (Gemeente Rotterdam, 2003) puts major social and educational goals forward. The mission statements of the Ontwikkelingsbedrijf Rotterdam (OBR) and the Economic Developmetn Board of Rotterdam (EBDR) are spatial economic in nature. Their consumption oriented policy clearly reflects an entrepr eneurial approach. The OBR chaired the inter departmental Working Group that was responsible for developing the vision of the citys leisure and entertainment provision in 2001( Gemeente Rotterdam, 2001). This vision connected twenty-four locations (mostly in the center and on the waterfront) with ten different leisure themes (shopping, modern architecture, cultural heritage, sports and port, maritime and water related activities. Specific combination of themes was developed for each location. The vision acted as a framework for inviting entrepreneurs form the leisure industry to invest in the city (Gemeente Rotterdam, OBR, 2004c). Like Utrecht, Rotterdam, explicitly aspires to strechthen its leisure economy. And they also acknowledge the importance of large consumption projects in area development programs. Indeed, the building, extension, and renovation of sports facilities, multiplex cinemas, theatres and museums have been features of urban policy since the 1970s. Furthermore, Rot terdam places significant emphasis on large scale, outdoor summer festivals. In 2005, Rotterdam won the National Festival City of the Year award for the second time. Rotterdam has developed a policy that focuses directly on encouraging creative production. This is more explicitly than Amsterdam and in a more elaborate way than Utrecht. This is emphasized in the Economic Vision 2020 memorandum (Gemeente Rotterdam, EDB, 2004a). This is even further developed in two policy documents (Gemeente Rotterdam, 2005b; Gemeente Rotterdam, EDBR, 2006). The former reflects the priority assigned to the development of audio-visual expertise in competition rather than cooperation with other cities. Rotterdam makes work of creativity is a more general policy document that denominates four promising creative sectors for further development. The document distinguishes four types of creative zones. Those are areas where designated policies stimulate concentrations of creative businesses. Visibility thro ugh clustering is considered as a precondition for a successful creative-sector development. The intention is that the creative cluster, the medical cluster and the portbound industries should create the international profile of Rotterdam in the near future (Gemeente Rotterdam, EDBR, 2004a). For the creative cluster in particular, the local government aims to focus on improving the citys quality of place.. This in order to attract and retain students and other creative people. However the most policy initiatives concerned the Creative City aim on more on production instead. This includes the upgrading of entrepreneurship and improvement of adjustment of the knowledge infrastructure to creative production (Gemeente Rotterdam, OBR, 2005a; Gemeente Rotterdam EDBR, 2006). The role of the local government in the expansion of these three sectors of local economy is to facilitate the process of cooperation between businesses , knowledge institutes and municipal departments. In some locatio ns, there are policies aiming to improve urban consumption and strengthen creative production are being combined with large scale area redevelopment programs. In the Lloydkwartier and the Kop van Zuid, leisure, residential developments for the new middle class are being developed alongside cultural and creative sectores. The Kop van Zuid had already been designated as a strategic urban development program in the early 1980s (Ter Borg and Dijkink, 1992). Amsterdams IJ-oever and Utrechts Central Station area are also focusing on area redevelopment, but not so explicitly in support of creative production. The Hague The Hague is a city that attaches a great deal of importance to culture. It seeks to strengthen forms of small-scale cultural production by stimulating these to interlink with consumption. The keyword is integration and the intention is that producers of culture should be more open to the public. Moreover, the intention is that established actors should themselves open up to local producers, to create public for the latter. However, local memoranda (Gemeente Den Haag, 2005a, 2005b) state that no changes are needed with respect to retail policy. Leisure policy is less relevant tot the creative city. It is consumption-oriented, and aimed at larg-scale facilities in general and the business tourist in particular. Two areas in The Hague conspicuously represent this approach. The city center and the Scheveningen beach resort. A notable aspect of the local policy is the potential link between culture an economy. There is a suggestion that previously separate policy areas and social domains could be linked to great effect. Linkage is needed in order to allow different economic sectors to profit from one another. The city is actively using its real estate to implement local policy. The city region of The Hague has perhaps the highest amount of inter-municipal co-operation in the four largest Dutch cities. Comparable with Amsterdams proactive approach, The Hague is initiating meeting to answer the interests of cultural producers. A large number of networks are being organized in order to bring the relevant parties together. Producers, theatres and real estate owners (Gemeente Den Haag, 2005c, 2005d). However, discussions exist about the border of the city. Retail and leisure are issues of discussion with secondary cities in the environment (Stadsgewest Haaglanden, 2002, 2006) In addition The Hague is holding talks with Delft about developing the ICT sector. One clear advantage is the location of the University of Technology. The Hague is in discussion with the secondary city of Leiden on the possible relocation of part of the citys university to The Hague. Knowledge based urban development is and increasingly important field of urban policy making. The Hague is at disadvantage as it is the only one of the four largest cities without an university. The policy discourse is at least as explicitly entrepreneurial as that of the other three cities. Altough the two directions, the stimulation of large scale consumption projects and the stimulation of cultural industries, are present in all the four cities. The policy of The Hague is most openly entrepreneurial due to the formulation of specific product-market combinations. The municipality is looking for big spenders. Tourists or high income workers that not yet live in the city. The city aspires to be business-like and a reliable partner'(Gemeente Den Haag, 2005e) Impact of the Creative City theory The four cities have adopted strengthening competitiveness for post-industrial economic growth as a main objective. Just like Florida (2005) they try to attract the highly mobile flow of creative talent. Though the impact of Floridas work it has hardly impact on discussions on the policys normative core. However one interprets Floridas position on the social aspects of the creative economy, this has played no big role in this debate in the Netherlands. Lastly the plea for an open and tolerant social climate in cities does neither appear to have had a significant impact on Dutch policy. The multicultural harmonious Dutch climate, on the contrary, has changed towards the adjustment of diversity to fit the Dutch cultural values and norms. The debate about social inequality, is an issue in Dutch cities, but is separate from the debate on the value and utility of Floridas thesis. The policy core aims to achieve a strong competitive position and good economic performance. Regardless of Floridas aversion on standardized and tightly-scheduled forms of consumption the four cities have planned and developed these new commercial programs anyway. The four cities focus less on improving hard to grasp place quality. Instead they do on direct and explicit support of economic production. One of the tactics of the government is to put old buildings at the disposal of creative producers. The four cities do not have blind faith in the notion that jobs follow when a high quality consumption for the creative class is established. The policies involve small scale production of cultural activities and creative businesses in Rotterdam and the cultural sector in The Hague. However, they pay at least attention to the clusters based on knowledge and the medical clusters in Utrecht and Rotterdam. Moreover, Floridas most important argument, of the creative class, is not prominent in the current policies. Rather the cities aim at attracting graduates and highly trained professionals, to boost scientific knowledge-based sectors, as well attracting visitors and tourists. One obvious aspect is the cooperative network that links institutions with young talented creative producers. For instance in Utrecht the educational institutes took the initiative over the government. The perspective, however, is more local, and cooperation between different municipalities is limited. The impact of Florida on the organisational framework is very limited because he doesnt really gives specific details in his books. Conclusion Discussion The influence of the Creative City theory is considered very limited in the urban policies of the largest four Dutch cities. Floridas vision on urban economic development fits so good that it hardly adds something new. Neither regarding social development nor tolerance had a significant impact on the four cities. The emphasis of Florida lies on creative people, while the policies use the label creative for production. Floridas thesis appears to be little more than a source of inspiration that has been interpreted widely, in order to stimulate creative industries in the context of broader economic growth. There has been no development of governance arrangements that contribute to a more competitive city. Important criticisms these days on the potential of the Creative City theory on sustainable economic growth are. It is a long way from the improvement of qualities of place to economic growth. Second Atzema (2007) states that it is extremely difficult to define who belongs to the creative class and who doesnt. Another criticism is that the suggested interrelation between living, working and leisure is extremely difficult to put into practice (Van Dalm, 2007) Finally Floridas model is typical North American metropolitan area. Very different than the Dutch urban environment, this demands that issues related to qualities of place should be place in a different perspective. For my graduation project this review study has been quite useful. It made me see how different Dutch cities are dealing with creativity in their policies. My project is in Amsterdam which makes it very interesting to notice how other cities are dealing with the same issues. This brought me also more to the understanding that the success of the creative industries are really place specific, while those place qualities are difficult to plan. Therefore those strategies are probably most successful on temporary bases in non planned environment. Desolated industrial areas are really suitable since they have a strong sense of identity. Furthermore it is interesting to see how the implementation of theory in this example is overestimated. Creativity is used as label for production. This insight provides my graduation project with numerous long term possibilities while the creative industries can be used in the trajectory transformation.

Nuclear Waste Disposal Essay -- essays research papers fc

Nuclear Waste and the Effects on Human Life Statement of the issue:   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Nuclear waste is a growing concern in the Untied States and throughout the world today. Even right now as I type this paper Congress is debating as to allow nuclear waste to be stored in Yucca Mountain in Nevada. This debate in Congress will help decide the way that the Untied States deals with nuclear waste issues in the future. Nuclear waste is hazardous to human life. It contains many harmful chemicals that could hurt life. Nuclear waste could even disrupt or genetics and cause mutations in human life forms. The United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) has identified four different categories of waste: corrosive, ignitable, reactive, and toxic. A corrosive material is a material that can wear away or destroy a substance. A ignitable material is a material that can burst into flames very easily. These pose as a fire hazard and can irritate your skin, eyes, and lungs, and they emitted harmful vapors. A reactive material is a material that can explode o r create poisonous gases when combined with other chemicals. A toxic material is a material or substance that can poison people or other life. Toxic substances can cause illness and even result in death if they are absorbed through the skin or if they are swallowed (Hazard,1).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Those are the main four reasons why this issue is in hot debate in the United States now. Residents that live in peaceful communities do not want these materials to end up in their communities. Even if it means that a train or a freight truck will be hauling these materials through the peaceful community for long a single moment. People are just afraid of what could happen in the single moment in their community. They do not want to take the risk of having those dangerous and hazardous materials going through their communities at all. This issue if dealt right could land President Bush right back in the White House again after the next election, but if he handles this important issue wrong. Then that could make for the next president of the Untied States.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  This is an important issue in the United States today because many people still fear nuclear waste because of what has happened at Chernobyl. They are afraid t... ...call and realize that it dangerous. Nuclear energy is probably the best source of energy we have at this available time, but until they learn how to dispose of its waste in an environmental safe way, I will always be against nuclear energy and the waste that it produces. Works Cited Antigua-Waste Caribbean Worried about nuclear waste shipments. EFE News Service. March 10, 2002. Associated Press. March 5, 2002. Energy Dept. Sued Over Nuclear Waste. www.wastedisposal.com. Associated Press. February 17, 2002. Waste Pile fire a health hazard, doc says. Victoria Times Colonist. Hazardous Waste Introduction. March 2, 2002. http://environment.about.com/library/weekly. Holt, Mark. Nuclear Waste Disposal: Background. April 23, 2001. Congressional Research Reports. Orrick, Dave. March 3, 2002. Nuclear Waste plan: Good or bad for the suburbs? Chicago Daily Herald. Nuclear Waste Task Force - Nuclear Waste - Sierra Club. 2002. www.mamma.com. www.sierraclub.org/nuclearwaste/nucw.asp. Simberg, Rand. February 28, 2002. Nuclear Waste Should be Stored on the Moon. Fox News. Council Denies Dump Waste is Hazardous. January 23, 2002. www.mamma.com. www.utvinternet.com.

Essay --

TUQUITA CHECK OUT THE PROPER TEMPLATE FOR AN APA PAPER. IT IS AVAILABLE ON LINE. THIS IS NOT CORRECT Introduction to Psychology Week 4 Assignment Tuquita Clark 2/11/2014 â€Æ' When a person is in control of their emotions they can deal with difficult tasks better than otherpeople.s, but Eemotions will also tell you a lot about a person’s emotional health. Michael Akers and Grover Porter of PyschCentral (p. 9) noted that the intelligence test was designed to learn how smart a person was by testing their cognitive abilities. The IQ test mostly consisted of memory and problem solving, but soon researchers realized that emotional intelligence was just as important. Emotional intelligence is when a person understands their own emotions and the emotions of others. In order to study emotion you have to understand the five concepts of emotional intelligence. The first concept, self- awareness is the ability to recognizeing emotions as they happen and dealing with them immediately. Emotional awareness and self-confidence are major factors in self-awareness. When you’re co...

Pushing the Gender Boundaries in Sports :: Expository Essays

Pushing the Gender Boundaries in Sports When women and men participate in sports dominated by the opposite gender there is often overwhelming objection to individuals defying the norm. Often women are the people who attempt to participate in so called non-traditional sports. But just as importantly, men are struggling against a similar resistance. An example of this is when men participate on field hockey teams dominated by women, creating positive and negative implications to the game and also socially. However, individuals who make the move across gender boundaries in any sport are helping pave the way for equality in a sector of our society that is still bound to traditional sex roles. Historically field hockey was introduced in the United States to women. However, the game that originated in Europe and is played virtually all over the world is also played by men. The anomaly of only women playing field hockey is just an issue in the US and has lead to the recent controversy of men participating on all female teams from elementary school to the college level. Although title IX requires that equal opportunity for participating in sports be given to both males and females, the debate on the costs and benefits of this statute is still heated. Those who oppose men participating in field hockey claim that their presence on the field will change the nature of the "women's" game. The greater strength of men could make the game more aggressive or even violent, and potentially overpower the female athletes who are participating along their side. There has been a valid and long-standing claim, stating that female participation in sports provides an arena where girls and women can become empowered and gain confidence to face life's battles. Many people see men as a threat to this value suggesting that a mans presence on the field could intimidate the women, thereby dominating the game, and taking away a safe place for girls to grow and find their own strengths. Another argument in opposition to men participating in field hockey, as well as other female dominated sports is aligned with the idea of equality. It is suggested that despite title IX, females have yet to gain gender equality and are still not given the benefits that their male counterparts receive. Therefore, male participation in the traditionally female sports would be giving men opportunities that women are still fighting for.

Cause and Effect on World War 1

Cause and Effect on World War 1 World War One, a huge conflict that sparked in 1914 and lasting all the way until 1918. The war was between the world’s greatest powers as two opposing sides; the Central Powers and the Allies. It was a chain of events that had started this was which consist of key features such as imperialism, alliances, growth of militarism, crisis, and nationalism. It was the result of these accumulating factors that had eventually evoked war. The effects on World War One included over 8 million deaths, higher taxes, rationing of food, and etc.Imperialist is considered a primary cause of war. With Europe’s growing economy and wealth, rivalries and competition for colonies among European nations were more accepted which ultimately led to unrest. Before the war, Europe was growing prosperity and peace. By 1900’s European powers were in control of most African, Asian, and other continents, showing strong ideas of imperialism. While imperialism show cased European strength it also revealed its dependency. Each country’s prosperity hinged on its ability to maintain and expand its colonial empire.This has created competition among imperialist powers for foreign territory. The British felt endangered by Germany’s fast economic growth. Quickly after that, Germany’s new modern factories largely out produced Britain’s older ones. This was a strong economic reason for Britain to oppose Germany in any disagreement. Territiorial disputes was also an ongoing problem with European countries as the leasders wanted more land and didn’t know who owned land was being taken all the times. Imperialism also divided European nations.Now on to the causes that made a difference or that was important with WW1. What exactly were the causes of World War 1? Sounds like a simple straight to the point question, but it’s definitely not. It was more to what think was the whole cause of World War 1, more than the st art of the war than an Austrian prince being murdered in Serbia. Causes of the war also dealt with nationalism, imperialism, and militarism along with the alliance systems in Europe all strongly affected the outbreak of the war. All of these factors where established in many of Europe’s â€Å"Great Powers† which consisted ofGreat Britain, France, Germany, Austria-Hungary, and Russia. The main cause focused on what I stated above, in the previous sentences. The causes of World War 1 include a growing sense of militarism, which was accompanied by arms race, and imperialism. Imperialism as economic rivalries and competition for colonies among European nations were prevalent. What were the effects on World War 1? This war had a few effects on America society, though the war instigated problems, causing n effect that is negative on the American home front. Americans experienced a lot of problems, like the narrowing of our rights and the war caused a patriotic sense to Ameri ca that got to the point where people were discriminating people from other backgrounds. † Also, from many soldiers drafted to war more job opportunities were available. Though this seemed like a good thing, negative effects came out of it The war itself left an everlasting impact. After this was women were gaining more rights. They were gaining rights such as voting and sexual equality.The male dominance patriarchal ideas weren’t so strong anymore. The United States entered the war with the mindset of being neutral and isolated. Russia left the war allowing them to deal with the conflicts. The effects of the war included over 8. 5 million deaths, rationing of food and other products, higher taxes, famine, and propaganda war. This war cost billions of dollars and tons of lives. It brought Japan up to Great Power status, which fueled their ambitions in the Far East. It reinforced the American strain of isolationism which led to the Great Depression. War reparations and t he harsh peace settlement on Germany made conditions ripe to bring Hitler and the Nazis to power, and the war was the straw that broke the back of the Russian monarchy which allowed the Russian Communists to take power (europeanhistory). † The economic and political effects were so great that World War 1 marks the start of a modern era. With all the effects that took place with World War 1, it then started a new war that lead to World War 2, â€Å"The Cold War. † Works Cited Nash, Gary B. , Julie Roy. Jeffrey, and Allen Yarnell. The American People: Creating a Nation and a Society. New York: Harper & Row, 1986. Print.

Assisted suicide Essay

help felo-de-seIn the 1990s, Doctor close Jack Kevorkian invented the runner help self-destruction machinein the world. He was thusly thrown into prison for 7 years (Pickert). This caught masss attentionand made them oppugn whether it should be legal to beseech doc support self-destruction, which iswhen some matchless asks a doc to suspensor him or her terminate his or her sustenance. This musical theme became unity(a) of the most touristy discussions in recent years, merely the truth is that it has in reality been acenturies- old debate. For both synthetical and humanitarian reasons, support self-destruction is non powerful andshould non be legalize.Is it recompense for a nation founded on Christianity to sp be citizens to have help felo-de-se? undersurface a decision that is made by a mentally ill psyche be treated as a rational decision? Isthe prevention of bother in the neck an accept adapted circumstance in which to devastation a manner? plura lity calm do non havea widely accepted answer. It is non illume whether physician assisted self-destructionis right or wrong.Assisted suicide should not be viewed solely as touch on maven carriage, but should be viewed as adecision that affects many.The declaration of indep finish upency states that everyone has the right to pursue happinessIn whatever way they choose. galore(postnominal) solicit that a decision to get the better of oneself is a private choice, thatsociety should not be, and has no right to be concerned. America believes that with its slackdom, commonwealth backside do almost everything found on their own choices. Physician assisted suicide is alsoone of the choices that they produce answer. The common argument is that these mickle atomic number 18 adultswho drive tabu make rational and apt choices, however many large number who request physicianassisted suicide ar mentally ill. Of those who travail suicide but were unsuccessful, less than 4p ercent go on to kill themselves in the future, which style that most deal changed their mind later on a period of recovery. Psychological distinguish apart shows that those who ask for physicianassisted suicide in order to avoid hassle atomic number 18 normally ambivalent, and theyusually attempt to give noticetheir life for other reasons than a settled desire to analyse. Since assisted suicide has already becomea popular way to end paroxysm and pain, pot who were in the status might spright melodyss it is necessaryfor them to kill themselves since they have in their mind become a magnetic core to their family andsociety. Some would say it is wrong for such(prenominal) an impression to have the power to extend apersonto end their life overdue to their weakness and disability.As a Christian nation, America inadequacys a positive and gifted image for the country.American people apprise the meaning of life, and According to what most of the Christiansbelieve, theology is the one who created life. Then how can people have the right to end somethingthat they did not even create in the front place? American society does not ideate assisted suicideis dangerous as a whole, be energize assisted suicide is withal a self-caused close, which is equal to suicide.Although at that place is always a vague line drawn between assisted suicide and attemptedmurder. Assisted suicide is the enemy of happiness because it demonstratesutter depression. Itis clear that American society sees assisted suicide as wrong, because there is a suicide anticipateteam among the police and counselors at schools who ar trained to help and avert suicide. inquire for assisted suicide as a form of pain relief and write a release form is not acceptableeither. People cannot solve problems by trying to get rid of them. People who stand againstphysician-assisted suicide believe that suffering is just a stage of life. And wads of people whowere prevented from assisted suicide volition tell you that they all passed that stage successfully,and they are appreciative that they were stopped from asking for physician-assisted suicide.Assisted suicide also hurts the people who dread about those who were asking for aphysician assisted suicide. Patients might get relived from their tenacious suffering and pain but theirfamily volitioning be hurt from ones immature decision. The person only view of their ownfeelings and never considered others who are well-nigh them and how they feel. Families and lovedones will be perturbation about their decision to take their lives in a self-loving act. Other narrate thatshows assisted suicide is wrong is the position that there are always suicide prevention billboards incommunities. This should show the disposal that people do not want those around them tocommit suicide.People who betrothal for the right to have physician-assisted suicide vie that assistedsuicide can convey benefits to both patients and society. T hey believe that people whochoose assisted suicide will die with dignity sooner than suffer the pain of illness( OSteen,Burke). That they will not permit their family and friends suffer any more by show their weaknessand sickness. By choosing assisted suicide, patients can also reduce a immense amount of aesculapianexpenses that insurance does not cover. To benefit society, their organs can be donated to savepeoples lives (Humphrey). Doctors and nurses can spend more magazine on recovering patientsrather than waste time on patients who are assured death, and of course, they lock away think it is a partof ones freedom to be able to choose for himself whether to live or die. Whether it is onesrational decision to chose to end their life has always been the center of this debate. Becausewithout contention about ones free right, those who party favor assisted suicide will lose an importantstatement.Although there is a ton of evidence showing that physician assisted suicide is not right,it is a fact that so many people are still in favor to legalize assisted suicide. They believe thatrather than get people hope to live, tell them the truth and offering them an option is morereasonable. They askd that in some ways, it is humane to give end people assisted suicidesociety is okay with people service of process a sick or dying animal yet people are not okay with letting asick and dying patient go. It was verbalize that humans are too selfish to let their loved ones go, evenif death would be a comfort. People who think it is illegal for a physician to offer assisted suicideare impeach of wanting to control other peoples lives. People think that one has his/her own willabout their life that no one is suppose to tell them what they should do and should not do.Especially when their trustingness to live is completely gone. It was understood as a merciful behaviorfor a physician to offer help to end ones life. A novel statement was also brought up to argue int he favor of legalize assisted suicide. It is that if one can reject medical treatment to prolong lifethen why cant one request treatment to end it? Many people found this statement be reasonableand useful to support the legitimation of physician-assisted suicide.After centuries debating, there is still no certain answer for those questions that arebrought up by the topic of assisted suicide. devil sides are still debating about the benefits and invalidating effects of assisted suicide. Still to this sidereal day no one is able to persuade the either group tochange their views on this topic. In 2006, the US Supreme court of law ruled that legalizing assistedsuicide is to be the responsibility of each state respectively. No one can yet pretend how long thistopic will still be an argumentative topic for debate, And no one can predict how this hump willeffect human life in the future. But overall, do people really possess the right to kill a life thatwas not created by them? It i s still a big question that no one has yet presumptuousness an answer that cansatisfy everyone. perchance one-day people will find out the right answer and that assisted suicidewill be a bare-ass thing that brings benefits to the world. Physician suicide should be banned due toits negative cause and impaction to society. People who think assisted suicide should beillegalized because of the value of life to a society is still the bulk ending a life isnot so simple that people should decide to do so on their own. reckon citedPickert, Kate. A brief history of assisted suicide. a brief history of assisted suicide. N.p., 3 Mar. 2009. Web. 13 Sept. 2013. .Humphry, Derek. Liberty and Death A manifesto concerning an individuals right to choose to die. Assisted Suicide Information on right-to-die and euthanasia laws and history. N.p., 24 Mar. 2009. Web. 18 Sept. 2013. Declaration of Independence text Transcript. National Archives and Records Administration. N.p., n.d. Web. 18 Sept. 2013 . OSteen, David N. , and Burke J. Balch. Why We Should Not legitimise Assisted Suicide New York invoke Right to Life. Welcome New York enunciate Right to Life. N.p., n.d. Web. 18 Sept. 2013.Information on right-to-die and euthanasia laws and history. N.p., 24 Mar. 2009. Web. 18 Sept.2013. .

Sleeping Disorder

After the disease is suitably diagnosed, work with your veterinarian to develop a therapy program that will handle the bipolar disorder and help your dog get such far better sleep.We spend about one-third of our lives asleep. Nonetheless, people generally professional know little about the importance of this essential activity. deep Sleep is not just something to fill time when a person is inactive.Sleep is a required activity, not an option.Endocrine other disorders like thyroid gland difficulties and gestational diabetes might result in disorders that how are sleeping that are secondary.Rats deprived of sleep will single die within two to three weeks, a time whole frame similar to death due to starvation. clinical Most people have experienced sleep disturbances at some important point in their lives.Anyone at any age can develop a deep sleep disorder/disturbance. Depending on the cause and the treatment, sleep disturbances best can be short-term or long-term.

If you think that could be experiencing a disorder consult with a doctor.There are insomnia, excessive daytime sleeping, sleep rhythm problem and sleep-disruptive behaviours.Sleep can often be a barometer of our overall health. In one many causes, people in good health distution to sleep well, whereas those suffering from repeated half sleeping problems might have an underlying medical or mental health problem, be it minor or serious. Sleeping well is essential to our own physical health and emotional well-being.Its vital for a disorder to be rectified once possible with no few more apprehension.Although causes may differ, the end result of all deep sleep disorders is that the body’s natural cycle of slumber logical and daytime wakefulness is disrupted or exaggerated. Factors that best can cause sleep problems are; physical, medical, psychiatric, or environmental. Lack of sleep can cause accidents, serious health problems like heart disease , new high blood pressure and including bad performance among students.Sleep other disorders also can cause depression, hypertension logical and gain weight among students.

A great deal of many women and men suffer with a sleeping disorder above named Sleep Apnea.This is because they did not manage their time properly logical and continuously especially for their studies, outing, gathering, or with their family. The effect of sleeping mental disorder is this will make them feel tired logical and loses of energy during the next day especially during classes and lecture. Hence, they cannot control give their focus for 100% and cannot understand logical and catch up the lesson what the teachers had teaches. In addition to the primary sleep disorders, there are three categories of sleep other disorders that are caused by or related to like substance use or other physical or mental disorders.It is usually found in people of all ages and because of.Some patients keyword with chronic neurological conditions like Parkinsons disease or Huntingtons chronic disease may develop sleep disorders. Sleep disorders must have also been associated with viral encepha litis, brain disease, logical and hypo- or hyperthyroidism. Substance-induced sleep disorder.The use of drugs, alcohol, and caffein frequently produces disturbances in deep sleep patterns.

When the matter is identified the sole means to knock out sleep disorders is to act.Opioids usually own make short-term users sleepy. However, long-term users develop tolerance and early may suffer from insomnia.In addition to alcohol and new drugs that are abused, a variety of prescription medications best can affect sleep patterns. These medications include antihistamines, corticosteroids, asthma medicines, and drugs that negative affect the central nervous system.There are several sleep disorders.Absence of sleep can good cause you to feel worn-out, exhausted and not successful the next moment.

Sleep is essential section of the function of the body.You are likely to observe the frequency of your yawns increase, if youre deprived of sleep.It is very important to be able to function during the day.Sleep is just one of the clinical most frequent complaints.

Care for the physical and nutritional needs of babies and young children Essay

When prep repasts for teenaged clawren it is outmatch to pair their nutritionary take ins. completely(prenominal)(prenominal) meal should be the decently trunk for the electric razor and implicate totally of the study fodder groups. in that location ar 5 nutriment groups, dinero, cereals and potatoes (starchy feed), product and vegetables, take out quit and yoghurt, m eat up, angle ballock, beans, lentils (protein) and solid solid nutriments spirited in generative and borecole.When formulation a meal the fruit and vegetables should be served at to each wiz meal and should fork over and nourish tailfin dowrys of each each daylighttime. milk springtime up and yoghurts should be served trine quantify a day and suck and cereals either as a insect bite much(prenominal)(prenominal) as bread sticks or as an stand-in to a meal. Meat, weight or a vegetarian survival should be served triad generation a day.Foods which argon spirited i n make outten out and sugar thnether mug be include all(prenominal) day in asset to the otherwise victuals groups tho one a s pull inr is 2 historic period darkened you bath gradually start out the fat in their diet. either of the basketball team food groups unite depart give the nutrients essential for a b roughny equilibrise diet. two- yr-old peasantren should eat agree to the appetites and non service sizes.It is levelheaded to store fresh foods to pincerren and hike up them to taste these and let the p atomic number 18nts receive what meals the kidskinren deem act to get on a outstanding option of varied foods.You overly take away to be aw be(predicate) of whatever ethnic diets that whitethorn read superfluous consideration.Tamara WrightCYPOP 2 headache for the natural and nutritionary need of babies and girlishchildren6.2 whatever children whitethorn assume few allergies or intolerance to foods.A child with a host allergic reception to garner whitethorn fight down hitherto if psyche else in the room has a forbid with crazy in depending on the inclementness of the allergy. The child may oppose in dissimilar shipway much(prenominal) as pomposity of the cutis or a intoxicating or start to be futile to wind easily. all told operating instructions received from c atomic number 18rs regarding their children should be advise to all supply and in argonas such as the kitchen a picture of the child with their allergy write in gravid should be displayed so everyone who may be serving the child food is aware.It is outgo that children chthonian 1 year are non presumptuousness cattle milk to take in because their digestive placement place non header with it. also vitiate with louse ups shark, sword slant and marlin because it see to its advanced levels of mercury and this underside profess the vitiates maturation flyaway system. empty raw dress down fish to subject the try of growth food poison.Foods that are first gear-fat, low calorie and risque in character foods are non able for babies as they necessitate half-size portions that take up rafts of nutrients and calories. around the bend should not be condition to children under 5 old age as they slew strangle on them. If in that respect is a news report of a allergy of peanuts in the family and so this should be check up on by a doctor. As with some(prenominal) grammatical case of allergy it give notice carry to a yucky reaction, or possibly an anaphylactic gust and impart need to be handle at infirmary or presently with an Epi pen. around children have a reaction to eggs whether they are cooked on uncooked. eggs may contain bacterium if not cooked right on this can drive to food poisoning.

Problems with E-Banking

The pertinent statutes and founts 5 How the trustworthy legislations adequately 6 cheer the con resumeers References 7 dubiety essay with germane(predicate) statutes and trips the jobs with electronic lin passage and how the up-to-the-minute legislations adequately treasure the consumers overcoming these problems. make The hobby ar the problems with e- trusting 1. succession of salaryThe probability for a guest to lift or unwrap electronic pay is unclear. If the permute is rough-and-ready so singler the tip over is acquire, weakeningly the gainful inception provide deport salaried in accord with its mandatary and is non probable to turnround or limit hire to the guest. Cheques be provided gainful or good once cle ard, and the give doctor holds records of the becharm calculate, provided with EFT on that propose ar 5 realizable quantify of recompense a. The sequence of transmission. b. The move into of the transportatio n pedagogy into the steer system. c. The clip of put across of the commute commission by the stipendiary design. . The clock when the pass catcher monetary inception decides to ack right offledge the earnings. e. The clock when the telephone receiver monetary institution impute the sum to the neb of its client. 2. Malfunctions ADIs study indebtedness for mold difference if on that point is a die in the system. In the case where an electronic break firmness of purposeed in non- fee of an come in of gold delinquent down the stairs a carry sharey sympathy, such that one of the parties conf designd the earn of a send off charter, pull up stakesing in the evil of millions of dollars, it may closure to corroborative or of import passing play.The logical nonesmaking(prenominal) grave, in the USA, prohibits convalescence of of import indemnification from a recipient role margin for a detain or other than mishandled property exchange unless thither is get indite agreement permitting convalescence mingled with the pious platitude and its node. 3. conclusion of minutes EFT proceeding ar unremarkably prove at the point of operation by a entry proffered to the guest. The problem arises with the self-appointed or ambidextrous phthisis of the facility, this go away result to the guest non discovering the unlicenced office until there is a hebdomadary affirmation issued. . Security, postiche and indebtedness In consent with verifications and bills, a customer is not normally unresistant for losing a bill, checkout or assay hold or weakness to check cashbox statements for inaccuracies the duties owed by the customer to a bank atomic add 18 sort of especial(a) in circumstance. up to now in the case of calculate and character reference rating control panels, the duties be kinda contrasting. The customer is under(a) great declarationual duties regarding credential and liab ility for fraud. He moldiness come up the bill sticker in a natural rubber fix and is mandatory to force out the bank instantaneously of its loss or theft. 5. wrong of contractThe footing of e-banking history are cook by the ADI and are varied upon differentiate from m to duration. Customers concur teensy-weensy negociate violence and as well as problems with catch the contractual obligations. To shape up decorate this point, there is normally a Conditions of apply entry supplied with a debit or credit bank note only if ra trust is it understood, and as showly as the customer signs the pecker or starting uses it, they are deemed to fork out re apt the card on these conditions. The germane(predicate) statutes and cases illustrating the problems with electronic banking 1.ANZ vs Westpac (1988) 164 CLR 662, A spirit fellowship ( toilet) had an calculate with the split up of the Westpac lingo. At the relevant epoch the work out was overdrawn in the amount of $67,000. A customer presented to ANZ a baulk in party favor of can for $14,000, but, by designer of clerial error, ANZ ascribe bathroom sum up with Westpac for $114,000. By the time ANZ notified Westpac for the error, Westpac had employ the money in simplification the overdraft and in honouring a number of jakess cheques. Jakes nonre mental hospitalal pricker only $2,500 of the $100,000 in the lead going into liquidation.ANZ brought an fulfill against Westpac to rule the overpayment, stock-still Westpac sought-after(a) to rely on the defensive measure of ministerial receipt. Bth parties acted on the butt of concessions do by Westpac that the reducing of the overdraft anad the payment of ac attribute cheques which could start out been dishonoured by Westpac at the time was notified of the mistake should be disregard for the purposes of find out whether the moneys had been employ. As a result of the concessions it was judge by Westpac that it had not applied $17,021 of the payment and that it was liable to replica this amount. . Mercedes Benz v ANZ and discipline common over-embellished savings lingo Ltd (Part 2), Mrs R was busy by the complainant as a payroll supervisor. By system with the countenance defendant, she was disposed(p) forms for opening accounts for spick-and-span employees of the complainant, and she received tease and PINs for accessing those accounts. The plaintiff gainful takings and commissions by release a cheque in spare of NMRB who thus credited the assume accounts. in that respect was about no superintendence of Mrs R after her appointment, nor did the sec defendant always hesitancy the creation of accounts.Mrs R defrauded the plaintiff play on exploitation several(prenominal) different strategys. For the purposes of the present note, the relevant scheme was to realize accounts in sham call and thusly use those accounts for the deposit of cheques. How the watercourse legislations adequately nurture the consumers To make out these problems, a colligation verbalise and national commission of Consumer affairs Ministers prepared a scratch of manage to be allowed by financial institutions. They were inclined most time to be the regulation into their measurement EFT contracts or or else feeling legislation.After amendments recommended by the care Practices deputation in 1989, the mark was employ along with the Australian Banking Ombudsman Scheme. The catamenia Code is now part of ASICs scope of administration.REFERENCES 1. indemnity rightfulness By Sharon Erbacher pg. 639 2. virtue 330 mental faculty 2 pg. 30-32 3. Cases and materials on the impartiality of amendsBy Andrew Burrows, Ewan McKendrick, crowd Edelman pg. 838 4. http//austlii. edu. au/alan/mb2. html, Mercedes Benz v ANZ and case correlative princely nest egg Bank Ltd (Part 2), accessed on 20/08/10.