'Curriculum Development\r'

'AN OVERVIEW OF plan Introduction Ever since the term course of study was bestowed to educators vocabularies, it has seemed to convey much(prenominal) things to umpteen populate. To some, course of study has de n one and only(a)d a specific course, date to others it has meant the entire studyal environment. Whereas perceptions of the term whitethorn vary, it must be recognized that figurer computer platformmeme encom makees more than a simple commentary. programme is a key element in the readingal cognitive operation; its orbital cavity is passing broad, and it touches virtu eithery e veryone who is involved with teaching and take removeing.Origin of im time The idea of course of study is hardly in the raw †lonesome(prenominal) if the way we lowstand and job it has altered over the age †and at that place remains considerable dispute as to substance. The word broadcast originated in antediluvian Rome as a transport race course. Juliu s Caesar talked intimately which team of horses, driver, carry would be able to run the political program fastest. It was, literall(a)y, a course. In Latin class was a racing chariot; currere was to run. â€Å"Currere is derived from the Latin infinitive verb that means ‘to run the racecourse.historic Definitions of course of study Historical expositions typically envision computer programme as a planned sequence of attainment or instructional experiences that a pupil/learner is subjected to under the auspices of the give instruction. To be sure these descriptions limited the application of curricular experiences to the rail fallting. Emergent definitions spend a penny looked at course more broadly. According to Connelly and Clandinin course of study â€Å" chamberpot be viewed as a persons life experience. ” This definition sees merit callable to the change in engineering.Connelly and Clandinins’ definition came some(prenominal) decades after Smith, Good, Taba, Foshay and Tanner. Technology has influenced the medium in which programme is delivered. There is no â€Å"traditional way” anymore. â€Å"Ones life course of carry out” result determine what pass on be studied and how. Influences and Developments course of instruction has had strong historic roots. From before Tyler crafted the major questions that we ask salubrious-nigh program (Tyler,1949), theorists assume been concerned about the ways in which teachers and disciplines plan acquirement experiences for all learners.These pre-occupations baffle influenced the festering of course theory from the outset. Invariably, curriculum has pertinacious been influenced by factors outside of the direct. Such influences hold history, order of magnitude, psychological science and politics. Social and Political Influences and plat work maturation Social and political trainings thrust endlessly contri scarcelyed to ideas about the components and definitions of curriculum. At the turn of the century Franklin Bobbit constructed his definition of curriculum on the tail end of objectives ground on adult work life (Bobbit,1918).Social emphasis was on the growth of science and industry this approach likewise influenced the curriculum theories of other thinkers of the time. John Deweys definition of curriculum which though a more march onive in that it accented on encyclopaedism by doing rather than rote nurture and dogmatic instruction in addition maintained some influence from this vault of heaven of science and industry. In 1891 William Torrey Harris introduced the idea of unionised encyclopedism and ontogeny with text books. Has functional application of a systematization of the curriculum laid the groundwork for an industrialized mildew of curriculum implementation.Other societal influences to the curriculum include legal decisions and government policy. Brown v. visiting card of Education was a landmar k episode in the history of Ameri potentiometer education. The mooring was in response to social events which secure racialized instructing and curriculum in the unite States. From the 1892 Plessy v. Ferguson case, the precedent of â€Å"separate but fit” was set, resulting in separate schools for white and foul children. The Brown decision set the coiffe for more aggressive centralized decision- fashioning at the Federal level with regards to overt education.It set the stage for Congress to pass the Civil Rights Act of 1964 and the Elementary and collateral Education Act of 1965. Furthermore, it is unlikely that the section of Education would shoot been established in 1979, were it not for the Brown decision in 1954. Social and political influences pretend contributed to education having mandated norms. There atomic number 18 mandated times that atomic number 18 allotted for each subject as salutary as mandated subjects. In numerous sectors, much(prenomin al) as local school districts and school boards, curriculum is considered to be the decreed indite document from the higher authority.Such a document is seen as a mandated templet that must be followed by all teachers. Technology Advances Technological change is redefining not only how we communicate, but in turn, is redefining how we imply to educate. The ready availability of information has decrease the necessity for a curriculum that is teacher centered and rooted in the aim to prepargon citizens for an industrial society. The fuck offment of analytic skills and higher order thinking is increasingly an important focus of the modern curriculum.The stakeholders and enkindle conventions in this fulfill be many and varied, with pressure for change and reform brought from teachers, schools and school councils, government authorities, industry and educatees themselves. every have differing perspectives on the best curriculum training models to deal with this change. As te chnology advances and the domain of a function undergoes massive changes, theorists leave behind redefine definitions. Influences of forthcoming times will regulate sweet definitions. It would only make sense for the definition of curriculum to change as advances have been do in the world and will continue to be made.A true tec or theorists will collect new data, conduct new experiments to challenge and add to the beginning founders definitions of curriculum. As you read and enquiry you to will either create or adapt your own definition of curriculum and this definition will be a result of what is going on in the world, your economic status and your views of education. New technology based definitions would include wording to patch up the times. In preparing for the working world, which at get is technical, curriculum would include electronic, computerized verbiage.What was once cognise as a textbook will become prehistoric. More and more computer based acquisition is occu rring and curriculum will be intentional to quicken early life skills. Figure 1: lineage: http://en. wikibooks. org/wiki/File: class_Definitions. jpg Definitions of â€Å" course” Definitions of the curriculum varies from the simplest list of subjects to be taken for a particular(prenominal) program or degree to the more or less complex definition as a breeding experience to master a particular educational goal. This in any case suggests that there is no universally accepted definition of the term curriculum.Allan Glatthorn (1987, p. 1) said : â€Å"Even experts can’t agree on what curriculum means. Below you will find a list of definitions of curriculum. 1. John Kerr defines curriculum as, ‘All the cultivation which is planned and guided by the school, whether it is carried on in groups or individually, in spite of appearance or outside the school. (quoted in Kelly 1983: 10; see overly, Kelly 1999). This gives us some buttocks to move on †and for the moment all we need to do is highlight deuce of the key features: a. Learning is planned and guided. We have to specify in advance what we argon seeking to achieve and how we argon to go about it. . The definition refers to training. We should recognize that our stream appreciation of curriculum theory and utilisation emerged in the school and in similarity to other schooling ideas such as subject and lesson. 2. Allan Glatthorn defines curriculum as a plan made for guiding instruction in schools, ordinarily presented in recoverable documents of several levels of generality, and the implementation of those plans in the schoolroom; It in addition includes those experiences that take place in a development environment that in addition influences what is learned. Glatthorn,) According to Flordeliza Reyes, (Engineering the political platform) Glatthorn’s definition is very comprehensive because it covers both the curriculum plans (guides) and their implementation s (instruction). Reyes also stressed that the limitation of Glatthorn’s definition is that it excludes knowledge experiences, which are planned by the curriculum developer or by the teacher, but are not presented in written form or documents. (P. 1) 3.Flordeliza Reyes delimit curriculum as the totality of curricular glut (subject matter) and learning experiences the learner goes through to achieve think educational purposes or outcomes against which his progress will be evaluated. (Ibid. , ) Inherent in Reyes’ definition are the four prefatory anatomical components of the curriculum: a. Educational purposes or mean educational outcomes; b. Curricular surfeit or subject matter cover by the curriculum; c. Learning experiences the educatee goes through; and d. Evaluation scheme to value the extent to which the educational purposes or learning outcomes have been achieved. . Some authors define curriculum as the total effort of the school to bring about desired out comes in school and out-of-school situations. It is also defined as a sequence of dominance experiences set up in school for the purpose of disciplining children and youth in group ways of thinking and acting. a. Howell and Evans define curriculum a structured set of learning outcomes or tasks that educators normally call goals and objectives (1995). piece of music other writers define curriculum as the â€Å"what of teaching”, or â€Å"listing of subjects to be taught in school. ” b. a plan or program for all the experiences that the leader encounters under the direction of the school. ” Peter F. Oliva (1997, p. 8) c. â€Å"Curriculum development is a process whereby the choices of designing a learning experience for students are made and then activated through a set of coordinated activities. ” Wiles ; Bondi (1998, p. 3) d. â€Å"The ‘curriculum, refers not only to the official list of courses offered by the schoolâ€we call that the ‘of ficial curriculumâ€but also to the purposes, content, activities, and organization of the educational program actually created in schools by teachers, students, and administrators. Walker & vitamin A; Soltis (1997, p. 1) e. Curriculum is a verb, an activity, or for William Pinar, an secret journey. The modern curriculum development precept has truncated the etymological meaning and trim back curriculum to a noun, the racecourse itself. Thus, generations of educators have been schooled to believe that the curriculum is a evident object, the lesson plans we implement, or the course guides we follow, rather than the process of running the racecourse. ” Patrick Slattery (1995, p. 56) f. The curriculum of a school, or a course, or a classroom can be conceived of as a series of planned events that are intended to have educational consequences for one or more students. ” Elliot Eisner (1985, p. 45) g. â€Å"Curriculum is an explicitly and implicitly intentional set of interactions designed to facilitate learning and development and to impose meaning on experience. ” Miller & trafficker (1990, p. 3) Thus, it can be said that a curriculum is a document which describes a structured series of learning objectives and outcomes for a minded(p) subject matter area.It includes a specification of what should be learned, how it should be taught, and the plan for implementing/assessing the learning The Subsystems of Curriculum Inferring from the different definitions of curriculum, it can be deduced that there are ternion sub-systems. Garcia enumerates the following(Curriculum Design, p. 7-8) 1. The formal curriculum which normally refers to the Philosophy, Mission, Vision, Objectives of the school alongside with the subjects and the activities needed deliver the instruction.Lesson plans, seance guides, modules, as well as syllabi are also considered part of the formal curriculum. In short, formal curriculum is the primary focus of the curricul um. 2. The Extra Class or Curriculum Extension includes co-curricular activities like school papers, sundry(a) student organizations, convocations, and the like, as well as ancillary school services such as guidance service, library service, health, canteen and the like which are primarily intended to support the formal curriculum. 3. The Hidden Curriculum is either supportive of or impertinent to the formal curriculum and the extra curriculum.The orphic curriculum includes the school policies, rules and regulations including school climate. CURRICULUM DEVELOPMENT vs CURRICULUM ENGINEERING Curriculum engineering is comprised of the following processes: curriculum development, (the process of up(p) an existing curriculum or making a new curriculum) curriculum implementation,(the process of ensuring that the planned or designed curriculum has been adapted or implemented) and curriculum valuation (process of determining the effectiveness of the curriculum as well as the aptitude of its implementation).Hence, curriculum engineering comprises all processes and activities that are necessary to keep the school curriculum dynamic and functional. (Reyes, p. 3) Curriculum development is defined as the process of selecting, organizing, executing and evaluating the learning experiences on the basis of the needs, abilities, and interest of learners, and on the basis of the temperament of the society or community. (Saguil et al, p. 15) It takes into consideration the following factors: 1.The nature of society which includes the cultural heritage, the needs and demands as well as the economic, social, political, cultural, moral and other concerns of the people; 2. The interest, the needs, previous experiences and problems of the learners; and 3. The educational and psychological principles based on the findings of scientific studies and experimentation. It can also be said that curriculum development is a continuous process for the possibilities of improving the teac hing †learning situation.Its goal is a positive change; process; fault in the lives of the learners based on schools kick and goals. It should be produced in coordinated program of meaningful experiences for learner’s development. (2009 Ed. ) Curriculum development is a decision-making process that involves a variety of concerns. (Bago). An ideal curriculum engineering involves different stakeholders, ranging from the School superintendent, principals, and curriculum directors. (Beauchamp, 1981).These shall be assisted by administrators and teachers who are either subject specialists, generalists, or trained curriculum specialists; experts in specific disciplines who act as consultants; a classroom teacher who is answerable for the implementation of the curriculum; lay persons who are experts from industry (industry practitioner); and students and alumni to give feedback regarding the curriculum creation evaluated can be apply for advantage purposes. (Reyes: p. 4) discipline or Course, Session or Lesson Plan, Syllabus, Field of break down & program In order to have a better understanding of curriculum, the ollowing must be considered, though different from a curriculum, are related to the concept of curriculum: Subject (for Basic Education)/ Course for Tertiary and grad studies consists of learning content and experiences that can be ideal by the learner inwardly a school term for which a credit unit is earned. Philosophy, Philippine History, side of meat 1, Math 1, are examples of subject or course. Session or Lesson Plan aroundly consists of objectives, content or subject matter, learning experience or activities, as well as evaluation of the learning. SyllabusThe single most important instrument of structure in a course is the SYLLABUS, which outlines the goals and objectives of a course, prerequisites, the evaluate/evaluation scheme, materials to be used (textbooks, software), topics to be cover, a docket, and a bibliography . Each of these components defines the nature of the learning experience. Goals and objectives identify the expected outcomes and scope of the course as determined by the instructor or course designer, limiting the domain of knowledge for the learner. Prerequisites limit the student population to those with certain kinds of learning experiences, usually other courses.The grading or evaluation scheme tells students what kind of learning activities are to be valued (e. g. , assignments, tests, papers, projects), that is, the currency of learning in this particular course. Topics to be covered specify the content that the instructor feels is important. The schedule provides a timetable for learning, usually with milestones in the form of due dates or tests. Field of Study refers to a combination of subjects or courses comprising one of the standard disciplines that can be completed by a learner crosswise school basis.Example, Social Science as a field of study is comprised of but not limited to History, Sociology, Economics, Psychology. Program is usually completed in more than one year. It is the most expansive example or part of curriculum. The completion of a program enables the learner to proceed to the next or higher level of schooling such as nursery to kindergarten, preparatory, elementary, secondary tertiary, polish to post graduate studies. Other terms Related to Curriculum Engineering Curriculum Plan is the advance arrangement of learning opportunities for a particular population of learners.Curriculum film is the written curriculum plan. Curriculum prep is the process whereby these arrangements of curriculum plans or learning opportunities are created. Curriculum Laboratory is a place or workshop where curriculum materials are gathered or used by teachers or learners of curriculum. Resource whole is a collection or suggested learning activities and materials organized around a given topic or area which a teacher might utilize in planning, developin g, and evaluating a learning unit.\r\nCurriculum development\r\nAn Analysis of Philippine Educational Curriculum” To attain the progress of our country, the quality of education is one of the factors which contributes to the development of our economy and to have the quality of education, the national curriculum should set a clear direction and should have an empowered teaching force work by excellent teachers that are mighty guided by supervisors, and conducive learning environment that fosters learning among students that includes materials, technology. ND learning resources. In our country, it takes ten years of schooling under basic education and students armorial started going to school at the age of 6 in elementary level, starts in regularise 1 up to Grade 6. And proceeds to High School which takes 4 years and after finishing that long years, at the age of 16, they continue study to higher education.Compared to other developed country, it takes 12 to 13 years of scho oling in the basic education. As what Vive read, it says that the longer years of schooling means more learning, more time spent to master skills and develop competencies, deepening of learning outcomes, and more opportunities to be exposed to the learning environment.\r\n'