Making the right choice Essay Example

Making the right choice Essay Example Making the right choice Paper Making the right choice Paper I believe the research was valid, based on the answers from certain questions; although it lacked clarity in the hypothesis and vagueness in the questions asked. Despite lack of clarity in some questions, others were very direct and gave clear answers. A number stated that cost would influence their decision to undertake counselling, others said that race would not influence them but gender would.  Advantage: Brought about direct and clear responses  Disadvantage: Sample group to small to reflect wider perspective Reliability:  I believe the answers are reliable for the sample group selected. The questions were reliable in terms of being simple and not over complicated. The outcomes shown in graph gave a fair indication of perception of counselling at that given time. If I had made comparisons with other research methods such as literature interviews or surveys, it may have highlighted a different view.  Advantage: This was a good choice of research method for topic.  Disadvantage: Lack of comparison may change results on outcome. Relevance: Initially, some questions seemed relevant such as age, gender, race of respondents. However, it may not have been politically correct to request this information if the outcome did not show how it was to be used. Other factors may contribute to perception of counselling service that were not asked such as, economic factors / wage, class / geography, disability, status. If I were to do this again I would rethink why I requested this information and made sure they were relevant in the outcome of the results if requested, Alternatively, I could simply not ask for this information, even though I believe that it is relevant.  Advantage: Information may be vital in the outcome of findings  Disadvantage: Not relevant if not used, difficult to collate under Equality or Discrimination Acts. Bias:  The questions were closed therefore not giving the respondent leverage to express views. Use of language such a therapeutic is not helpful and may constitute a loaded question. If the client states they have never undertaken counselling how would they know if it is therapeutic? This may have been dealt with differently if conducted in interview method.  Advantage: Good learning outcome and evaluation for future research. Disadvantage: May have contributed to final results  ETHICAL AND VALUE ISSUES:  Questionnaires are easy to administer confidentially. Often confidentiality is the necessary to ensure participants will respond honestly if at all. Examples of such cases would include studies that need to ask embarrassing questions about private or personal behaviour. (Internet.2)  http://schatz.sju.edu/methods/sampling/intro.html  Confidentiality: Respondents were not required to give information that would personally identify them. Questionnaires were given out safely were there little or no suspicions to answers were raised. All replies were collated and keep safe.  Advantage: Privacy and safety of personal information a paramount concern.  Disadvantage: None identified.  Artificiality:  Within this research I did not identify anything that may be construed as artificiality. I assume the reason for this is based on the question being about counselling as a profession and not personalising or criticising respondent as a user of the service. The questions gave little reason for respondent to become defensive; it was also given and received collectively as opposed to privately. Therefore the permission to be honest and direct was available. However, if this research had been undertaken via interview techniques or observation it may have had a different response.  Advantages: Freedom of choice,  Disadvantage: Limited and unclear questions caused ambiguity, no room for alternative answers such as not applicable or maybe / sometimes.  Choice in participation:  Questionnaires were distributed randomly, or in large groups such as class groups. A brief was given regarding the purpose of the research and no pressure placed on participation. The same can be said to respondents on an individual basis and choice given to participate or abstain. Participants were not given enough choices for an answer; it was either yes or no. Options such as not applicable, maybe or sometimes could have been added.  Advantage: Respondents were given the choice and were under no pressure to complete questionnaire  Disadvantage: None identified.  3. Evaluate the research methods using a piece of research in counselling  Title: Brief dynamic counselling:  Making the right choice  In reading and evaluating the above article I was very impressed with the hypothesis. The background and introduction made it clear to why it was deemed to be good material for research. Unlike my research the writer had given much thought to the subject and examining its implications on counselling practice. The methodology used in this research seems to be Case Studies and Literature review. In view of the topic my thoughts were this may not have been the best method. Richards gave two good examples from both sides of the argument. However, the major context of the research seems to be bias against Brief Therapy / Dynamic counselling with negative undertones / prompts to discourage the reader from considering this could possibly be advantageous for the client.  The person carrying out a research study may be highly  committed and passionate about the project and  therefore less open to seeing potential problems  (McLeod. 2003 pg 168 -169.) The research speaks of society and organisations emphasising lack of time and funding. Although Richards does acknowledge there is a place for this therapy in schools. This highlights that the article was published in 1999 and some articles may take up to two years to be published. Many of the quotes are also almost ten or more years old. Today as I write this society is moving even faster and almost anything can be achieved within an hour or less. Clients still arrive and ask how many sessions they are expected to attend before being given the all clear. It was interesting to see finance and money are still a consideration in counselling, and that agencies, organisations and private counsellors are seeking ways of making counselling affordable.  Ethically, I totally agree that restraints placed on practitioners including strict numbers of sessions or any other description may harm the clients, whether it is financial, lack of resources, poor assessment, inadequate training, and an inexperienced or incompetent counsellor. All these and more can cause more damage than good to the client and profession. The only exception to this would be in of CBT (Cognitive Behavioural Therapy) where the model may specify that target to be met by a certain number of sessions, and the clients agree to this contract,  Otherwise, ethically after assessment clients should be informed that further sessions may be required outside the allocated time or through private therapy.

International Accounting - Report of a major italian company Essay

International Accounting - Report of a major italian company - Essay Example But now that IAS 38 has been AGREED with finality to be the new compulsory accounting procedure, then we have to follow suit. According to the European Council of Finance Ministers, on December 13, 2001 â€Å" agreed to a general orientation on a proposed regulation that would require all EU listed companies, including banks and insurance companies, to prepare their consolidated financial statements using IAS. ECOFIN agreed that this requirement should go into effect in 2005 at the latest. However, companies that currently apply US GAAP as their primary financial reporting standards would not have to apply IAS until 2007. The 2007 extended deadline for companies using US GAAP was inserted at the request of the German government. EU Internal Market Commissioner Frits Bolkestein said: The International Accounting Standards Regulation will introduce a new era of transparency and put an end to the current Tower of Babel in financial reporting. It will help European firms to compete on equal terms when raising capital on world markets and allow investors and other stakeholders to compare companies performance against a common standard. However, I regret the Ministers decision to grant some big companies the right to apply US GAAP standards until 2007, two years after the Lisbon deadline for completing the Internal Market in financial services.† (http://www.iasplus.com/pastnews/2001dec.htm) Comment: The main purpose that all countries are â€Å"rushed† to apply these international accounting standards is to have a comment yardstick to compare one company in the European Union with another country selling the same products and services. If we call an item â€Å"goodwill† in England, then in the same situation in another far away place like Australia or United States, we can confidently call the same item bought as â€Å"goodwill†. Accounting is defined as â€Å"the language of business†.

Liquidation Damages Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Liquidation Damages - Essay Example This paper will look at how liquidation damages for Lake River Corp. v. Carborundum Co. were calculated and provide a critical view of the calculation used. Carborundum is a company that manufactures Ferro Carbo. It had entered into a contract with Lake River Company.   In the contract, Lake River Company would receive Ferro Carbo in bulk from Carborundum’s, put it in bags and ship it to Carborundum’s customers. Carborundum insisted that Lake River install a new bagging system to take care of the contract in an efficient manner, which costs $89000. In order to cover the cost and make a twenty percent profit, Lake River insisted on a minimum guarantee clause that ensured that if the full least quantity was shipped the Lake River would make $533000. However, Carborundum only shipped 12,000 of the 22500 tons of the Ferro Carbo at the time when the contract expired.  Carborundum had paid for the amount billed and bagged.   The clause left Carborundum Company owing $241000. That is $533000 (ferro shipped) less what Carborundum had paid. On the other hand, Lake retained 500 tons of bagged Ferro. As such, the issue was whet her the formulae in the minimum guarantee clause inflicts a penalty for breach of contract or whether it was just a deliberate attempt to liquidate damages (Whitney,1985). In this case, the district judge gave a judgment where Carborundum ended up with approximately $42,000. This amount was reached by making use of the following formulae; $269000 +$31000 -$241000-$17000. The last figure represented the prejudgment interest on the Lake river damages (Whitney, 1985). Here the damage formulae were designed in such a way that it will assure the Lake River Company receives more than the actual damages it incurs. This makes it a penalty. It was noted that, since Lake River did not do much work, they were not

Essay Topics on the Marriage Customs of the Igbo People

Essay Topics on the Marriage Customs of the Igbo PeopleThere are a lot of people who have asked me in the past about the essay topics on the marriage customs of the Igbo people. I will try to explain a little bit about how these essay topics are done and what they have to say about the marriage customs of the Igbo people. The way that the writing process of an essay works is not unlike any other type of essay. You take the concepts you have learned through history and use them to inform your writing.Firstly, you will want to start by figuring out what you know about your topic. The most important aspect is to figure out what your interests are and then start to write in that direction. What sort of topic do you want to write about? Is it a particular event that you have been interested in? Is it a concept you have observed for yourself?If you are curious about your topic, do not be afraid to find out more. You should try to find out as much as you can about it and then write about it . By searching for your topic, you will know what to write about.There are a lot of people who believe that the topics of research methods should be the first things that a person does when they are writing an essay. They tend to be the people who feel that if they know more about something, they can write an essay about it. This is true if you do have a deep interest in something. However, it is not always the case.For instance, you might know a lot about your topic, but if you do not have a knowledge base of the Igbo culture and you do not have anything that you have read that is more that anecdotal, you will be out of luck. There are many researchers who write about topics they know little about, so they try to use their own anecdotal information to write about the marriage customs of the Igbo people. This just simply will not work in many cases. It will simply not work.If you are going to do essay topics on the marriage customs of the Igbo people, then you will need to have an i dea of how you want to write about it. What type of words do you want to use? Is it going to be wordy? What do you want to include?An example of an essay topics on the marriage customs of the Igbo people is 'In America the wife of a non-Igbo muslim is second class citizen'. You can use a lot of other examples, but these are some of the most common ones. As with any other essay topic, you will have to do a lot of research before you can make a good essay, but this can be done.

The Foolproof College Essay about Being a Doctr Strategy

The Foolproof College Essay about Being a Doctr Strategy Doctors have a whole lot of responsibilities. They will always be needed. They are needed all over the world. The Doctor himself is a rather complicated character. The reason I need to be a doctor is the satisfaction I would get from knowing that I made a ifference In a person's life. Being a doctor isn't just a career, it's a sign of joy and hope. A doctor is a person who can assist somebody else in need. Becoming A Doctor A doctor is a person who can help another person in need. The End of College Essay about Being a Doctr This paragraph would be more appropriate towards the start of the essay, instead of the end. I musta been tryna produce the essay more time to make it seem much better. This portion of the essay is important since this will capture your reader's interest. It is where you restate your overall point and to make a clear ending of the topic. Getting the Best College Essay about Being a Doctr Amo ng the objectives of a university student ought to be to further your education. Given that at least 85% of health students graduate with debt, you may choose to think about the financial aid options available at every school. They need to complete a series of prerequisite coursework, particularly in the sciences. Since then I've been the ideal student in my class. One of the absolute most important qualities of a great doctor is he or she's clinically competent. My ambition is to be a medical doctor. As a physician you've got a chance to help others. You have to decide early on if you're prepared to dedicate the time that it can take to develop into a physician. I am not certain if I would love to be a pediatrician, or a specialist. It is the responsibility of doctor on the earth to heal the patients. It is simple for a physician to reflect back a number of the hostile by a decline in the amount of care he or she provides for the individual. Firstly, it's essential for a doctor when attempting to earn a diagnosis to be in a position to extract information on the subject of the patients' injuries or illness and their clinical history. The ability to get this done is founded in good communication abilities. There are different careers in which you are able to make more cash without the responsibility and the effort it can take to be a physician. The greater education enterprise and American society both stand to profit in the long term. Some individuals begin their health care education after pursuing different careers, which could further delay the completion of their health care training. The insurance companies are usually relucta nt to cover chronic illnesses and pricey procedures, which forces patients to dig in their own pockets to acquire the suitable therapy. The last step to be a doctor is securing work. To start with you have to be alert to the time commitment involved with becoming a physician. Though the chances of doctors winning is more than 90%, the lawsuits could be too overwhelming for the doctors should they need to pay for their defense expenses. In conclusion there are a large selection of qualities that define a superior doctor that can be divided in two groups of attributes. The strength in a subject must be held in mind for picking the proper path of succeeding. The attributes needed for this include great communication skills along with a caring and polite manner towards patients. One other important attribute of a fantastic doctor linked to their professional competence is the ability to see the limits of their clinical capabilities. Becoming a physician is a lengthy, arduous, e xpensive procedure that can only be accomplished with fantastic dedication. Trained and board-certified doctors must submit an application for state medical licenses until they enter the area. An individual can also go into practice by himself, despite the fact that it is more risky. Additional the ratio of health practitioners to patients is actually bad, which only aggravates the scenario. On the grounds of sources like the British Medical Council and interviews with patients it's possible to divide the qualities necessary to be a very good doctor in to two categories. To find out more about what things to anticipate from the study of medicine, have a look at our Study Medicine in america section. A lot of the people there were sick and malnourished but couldn't obtain the help they desperately sought from any form of medical professional. To remunerate, education is an essential aspect in our nation.

Most Noticeable Expository Writing Essay Example

Most Noticeable Expository Writing Essay Example The Nuiances of Expository Writing Essay Example An essay has to be composed of an introduction, a body, and a conclusion. If you are not able to do so, it might actually make an impact on your essay ratings. The topic is followed by many sentences that provide evidence and analysis to back up your argument. There are lots of expository essay topics to pick from. There are indeed several samples that may be found on the internet or in the school libraries to aid a student write a great essay. If you would like your expository essay to receive high grades and grab interest of the audience, you need to always opt for the topic you enjoy. Everything is contingent on the subject and professor but having the ability to choose the topic you like may certainly help you to stay motivated on the way. With an exam or a standardized test, for example, the examples you use to back up your points will be dependent on the knowledge alread y within your head. Expository writing is usually done to alert the readers or explain a particular topic. Explain'' is to express the info on the subject as a way to make it even more understandable to the reader. Free writing examples and writing templates are located on the webpage. There are many methods about how to compose an expository essay. Pick the one which you liek to compose a great expository essay! There are some distinct techniques for writing an expository essay. It is the same as writing any typical 5-paragrah essay. Opting to write about social issues is a sure way to guarantee the required word count. If you describe any facet of the WWII, which is among the most popular expository essay examples, you should know that people of distinct nations treat some of its events differently. If you don't believe you have sufficient basic wisdom and experience to compose a brilliant expository essay, you may use the customized paper help online. The examples I have discovered in the text help the reader to consider the issue differently, to estimate the seriousness of what is going on. Essay writing examples in doc format like the ones given may help direct you in writing a great composition. Essay writing skills is a hard and time-consuming endeavor. It can be quite a challenge. More than every other kind of writing, expository writing is a daily requirement of the majority of careers. Writing skills aren't god-given talents. Exposition Otherwise referred to as expository writing which intends to explain or inform. Expository writing is also the most common kind of academic writing! It's also critical to be sure each paragraph is joined to the previous and the subsequent one. Each paragraph starts with a topic sentence in which you state your case or objective. Introduction essay paragraphs are central in any bit of writing for the reason they give readers advance info about the content and the function of the material. Classification Paragraph Classification paragraph is just one of the seven kinds of paragraphs. Using Expository Writing Essay Example An essay must be clear and unbiased. It has been defined in a variety of ways. An expository essay, thus, is a part of prose that's well organized to provide an explanation on ideas and assorted topics to a particular sort of audiences. While it should be clear and concise, it can also be lively and engagi ng. An expository essay example should demonstrate in what way the objects in a context relate with one another. You can't begin writing an essay without a sharp clue about what things to write. As you begin writing more descriptive essays, be certain to paint a photo of your character. A terrific descriptive essay is going to be loaded with details. Next, employing an expert to compose an essay for you're able to help you better your academic outcome. A prosperous process essay is going to be detailed enough so a reader will have all the info necessary to finish the job. Unique types of writing examples can be located below. An essay structure is a basic but efficient method of preparing for any sort of essay. Expository Writing Essay Example - Dead or Alive? The intention of any expository writing is to reveal the qualities of notions indicated in this issue. Cause and effect essays are written to supply an explanation of the way in which an action causes a result. Again, a conclusion is a summation of the main idea and not an explanation of the entire expository essay an additional time. In other words, an expository essay explores all angles of a specific topic in an attempt to teach the audience something they may not know. So basically, to compose an expository essay, you need to remember the simple fact that the topic matters a good deal. The overall definition of the expression expository is something meant to explain or describe.

Court Structure in Srilanka Essay Example for Free

Court Structure in Srilanka Essay The Supreme Court is the highest and final court of record, and exercises final civil and criminal appellate jurisdiction. Litigants who do not agree with a decision of the original court, be it civil, criminal, or Court of Appeal, may take the case before the Supreme Court, with permission from the Court of Appeal, or special permission from the Supreme Court. The Supreme Court, however, will only agree to consider cases involving a substantial legal issue. The Supreme Court is composed of a Chief Justice and not less than six, and not more than ten, other judges. Cases that fall under the several jurisdictions of the Supreme Court are exercised, subject to provisions in the Constitution, by a bench of at least three judges of the Supreme Court. Thus different cases may be heard at the same time by several judges of the Supreme Court sitting apart. Appeals of decisions of a High Court Trial at Bar are heard by a Bench of five or more Supreme Court judges. The Constitution provides for temporary restrictions on fundamental rights if national security issues are involved. This determination and opinion of the Supreme Court should be by at least five judges of the Supreme Court, including the Chief Justice, except for in the event of the Chief Justice’s recusal. The Chief Justice’s recusal will result in another judge of the Supreme Court taking the Chief Justice’s place. The Constitutional Council’s approval is not required if the appointment is for a period of less than 14 days. The age of retirement for Supreme Court judges is 65 years. COURT OF APPEAL The Court of Appeal is the first appellate court for decisions of all original courts and certain Tribunals. The Court of Appeal is composed of the President of the Court, and not less than six, and not more than eleven other judges. Many cases at the Court of Appeal are presided over by a single judge. The Court of Appeal hears appeals against judgments of the High Courts. It exercises appellate jurisdiction for the correction of errors in fact or in law at a High Court, or any Court of first instance, or Tribunal, or other Institution. In addition to the jurisdiction to affirm, reverse, correct, or modify a judgment, the Court of Appeal may give directions to a Court of first instance, Tribunal, or other Institution, or order a new trial, or order additional hearings as the Court of Appeal deems appropriate. â€Å"Even when there is no right of appeal from a particular court or tribunal, [the Court of Appeal] can exercise [its] powers of ‘revision’ and quash the original court’s or tribunal’s order [based on] an error of law apparent [in] the record.† 1The Court of Appeal, if appropriate, also has the authority to issue a ‘stay order’ and suspend proceedings in a lower court until the revision application is heard and determined. The Court of Appeal also has the authority to receive and admit new evidence additional, or supplementary, to evidence already recorded in a court of first instance. Appeals of judgments, sentences and orders at a High Court Trial at Bar are forwarded directly to the Supreme Court by virtue of the Code of Criminal Procedure (Amendment) Act, No.21 of 1988. The Court of Appeal, in exercising its power to examine and reverse a judgment of any court of first instance, has the authority to examine any record of any court of first instance. The Court exercises jurisdiction to grant writs of habeas corpus in order to bring before the Court a person who has to be dealt with according to the law, or to bring before the Court a person illegally or improperly detained in public or private custody. Court of Appeal cases are now published in Sri Lanka Law Reports. As of October 2012, Court of Appeal cases from 1809 through 2005 are accessible online. See section on Cases, Bills, and Acts. HIGH COURTS Trials at a High Court are conducted by the State (Sri Lanka), through the Attorney-General’s Department. The Attorney-General’s Department prosecutes on behalf of the State. Murder trials and various offenses against the State are tried at the High Court; other criminal offenses are tried at a Magistrate’s Court. While some High Court trials will have a jury, some trials will not have a jury. The types of cases that require a jury are provided in the Second Schedule of the Judicature Act No.2 of 1978. Also, the Attorney-General has the authority to determine whether a case that does not fall into a category provided in the Second Schedule of the Judicature Act No.2 of 1978 should nonetheless have a jury. The Penal Code stipulates the types of cases argued in a High Court: â€Å"The Penal Code defines most of the criminal offenses known to our law. And the Code of Criminal Procedure Act. No: 15 of 1979 sets out which of these offenses [can be tried] by each court [High Court and Magistrate’s Court].† The High Court is composed of not less than ten and not more than forty judges. This Court sits in 16 provinces in the country (16 High Courts). Judges of the High Court are appointed by the President of the Republic on the recommendation of the Judicial Service Commission, and in consultation with the Attorney-General. The President of the Republic, acting on the advice of the Judicial Service Commission, exercises authority in disciplinary matters concerning the High Court judges. The President may terminate the service of a High Court judge on the advice of the Judicial Service Commission. The Judicial Service Commission (JSC) was established by the enactment of Article 111D of the Constitution, incorporated by the 17th Amendment, which became effective on October 3, 2001. The JSC is composed of the Chief Justice (as Chairman) and two other judges of the Supreme Court appointed by the President of the Republic. The age of retirement for High Court judges is 61. 4. DISTRICT COURTS District Courts are the Courts of first instance for civil cases. District Courts have jurisdiction over all civil cases not expressly assigned to the Primary Court or a Magistrate’s Court. Sri Lanka has 54 judicial districts. Every District Court is a court of record and is vested with unlimited original jurisdiction in all civil, revenue, trust, insolvency and testamentary matters, other than issues that are assigned to any other court by law. Certain specific civil issues handled by the District Courts include: i. Cases related to ownership of land. ii. Action by landlords to eject tenants. iii. Action to recover debts of more than Rs. 1,500. iv. Action in connection with trademark and patent rights, and infringement of copyright laws. v. Claims for compensation of more than Rs. 1, 500 for injuries caused by negligence. vi. Divorce cases (Formerly, divorce cases were handled by the now defunct Family Courts). Judges of the District Courts are appointed by the Judicial Service Commission (See section on High Courts for information on the JSC). The JSC has the power to dismiss and maintain disciplinary control over the District Court judges. The retirement age for District Court judges, generally, is 60 years. 5. MAGISTRATE’S COURTS The Magistrate’s Courts are established under the Judicature Act, No.2 of 1978. Each Judicial division has one Magistrate’s Court, and there are 74 judicial divisions in Sri Lanka. Each Magistrate’s Court is vested with original jurisdiction over criminal offenses (other than offenses committed after indictment in the High Court.) In cases involving criminal law, the Magistrate’s Courts and the High Court are the only Courts with primary jurisdiction. The respective domains of these Courts are detailed in the Code of Criminal Procedure. Appeals from these courts of first instance may be made to the Court of Appeal and, under certain circumstances, to the Supreme Court, which exercises final appellate jurisdiction. The vast majority of the nation’s criminal cases are tried at the Magistrate’s Courts level, which forms the lowest level of the judicial system. Cases may be initiated at a Magistrate’s Court by any police officer or by anyo ne else making an oral or written complaint to the Magistrate. The Magistrate is empowered to make an initial investigation of the complaint, and to determine whether his or her Court has proper jurisdiction over the matter, whether the matter should be tried by the High Court, or whether the matter should be dismissed. If it is determined that the Magistrate’s Court has the proper jurisdiction over the matter, the prosecution may be conducted by the complainant (plaintiff), or by an officer of the Government, including the Attorney-General, the Solicitor-General, a state counsel, or any officer of any national or local government office. At the trial, the accused has the right to call and cross-examine witnesses. Trials are conducted without a jury, and the verdict and sentence are given by the Magistrate. Any party in a case who is in disagreement with a judgment has the right to appeal the judgment, on any point of law or fact, at the Court of Appeal. If the police decide not to institute criminal proceedings in a Magistrate’s Court, the complainant has the option of filing a private plaint, and the complainant may retain an attorney for this purpose. As indicated earlier, while murder trials and various offenses against the State (Sri Lanka) are tried in a High Court, other criminal offenses are tried in a Magistrate’s Court. The Penal Code defines which court, a Magistrate’s Court or a High Court, has the necessary jurisdiction (Code of Criminal Procedure Act No.15 of 1979). If a new offense is codified by law, for instance the Prevention of Terrorism Act, the relevant statute will indicate the manner of trial. The Magistrate’s Courts are ordinarily empowered to impose the following sentences: A fine of up to Rs. (rupees) 1,500.00, and/or two years of rigorous or simple imprisonment, unless special provisions vest the Magistrate’s Courts with the power to impose higher penalties. Magistrates are appointed by the Judicial Service Commission (JSC), and the Commission exercises disciplinary oversight over the judges, including the power of dismissal (See section on High Courts for information on the Judicial Service Commission). The retirement age for Magistrate’s Court judges, generally, is 60 years. 6. PRIMARY COURTS Each Primary Court is vested with the following jurisdictions: I. Original civil jurisdiction over cases involving debt, damages, demands, or claims that do not exceed Rs. 1,500. Ii. Enforcement of by-laws by local authorities and disputes relating to recovery of revenue by these local authorities. iii. Exclusive criminal jurisdiction over cases relating to offenses â€Å"prescribed† by regulation by the Justice Minister. iv. Offenses in violation of the provisions of any Parliamentary Act, or subsidiary legislation, that is related to jurisdiction vested in the Primary Courts. The Primary Courts are established under the Judicature Act, No.2 of 1978. There are seven Primary Courts: One each in Anamaduwa, Angunukolapelessa, Kandy, Mallakam, Pilessa, Wellawaya and Wennappuwa. In all other divisions, the Magistrate’s Court exercises the jurisdiction of the Primary Courts. Requests for revision of orders made by a Primary Court are handled by the High Court in that province. All Primary Court judges are appointed by the Judicial Service Commission (JSC), which is also vested with the power of dismissal of the Primary Court judges (See section on â€Å"High Courts† for information on the JSC). Generally, the retirement age for Primary Court judges is 60. 7. MEDIATION BOARDS The mediation Boards Act of 1995 and subsequent amendments govern these mediation aspects. The Minister has power to set up Mediation Boards and set the areas that will come under such mediation boards. Commercial mediations are reality now in SL.Arbitration ; Is also another form of dispute resolution . Arbitration Act of 1995 and subsequent amendments govern the procedureTribunals- Labour Tribunal established under industrial Disputes Act provides provisions for the employees to institute action against employers.Agricultural Tribunals established under the Agrarian Services Act of 1979 enables settling disputes as to cultivation and related matters.Read Judicature Act , Constitution of Sri Lanka , Books on Legal System about Sri Lanka for further details. Visit website of Minisrty of Justice as well to get current information 8. OTHER COURTS AND TRIBUNALS The other courts include the Kathi Court, the special tribunal that adjudicates on matrimonial matters relating to Muslims. Buddhist ecclesiastical matters that fall under the purview of the Buddhist Temporalities Ordinance of 1931 are heard by the ordinary courts. Disciplinary matters pertaining to Buddhist clergy are handled by religious councils which are under the authority of the Buddhist priests themselves. There are numerous administrative tribunals, such as the Inland Revenue Board of Appeal, The Workmen’s Compensation Tribunals, Labor Tribunals, the Board of Appeal under the Factories Ordinance, Tribunals under Agricultural Productivity Law, Labor Tribunals under the Wages Board Ordinance, etc. Most decisions of these tribunals can be appealed at the Court of Appeal; when regarding a substantial question of law, the decision of the Court of Appeal may be taken up at the Supreme Court. REFERNCE âž ¢ http://www.nyulawglobal.org/globalex/sri_lanka.htm âž ¢ http://www1.umn.edu/humanrts/research/srilanka/legalsystem.html âž ¢ http://www.nationsencyclopedia.com/Asia-and-Oceania/Sri-Lanka-JUDICIAL-SYSTEM.html#ixzz2KPq331RT